Ch 11 Catabolism: Energy Release & Conservation

Question 1

Phototrophs

Answer 1

Organisms that use light as their energy source

Question 2

Chemotrophs

Answer 2

Oxidation of chemical compounds as E source

Question 3

Lithotrophs

Answer 3

Reduced inorganic subs as e- source

Question 4

Organotrophs

Answer 4

Reduced organic compounds as e- source

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

Organisms that use organic molecules as source of C

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

Organisms that use CO2 as source ( sole or principal) of C

Question 7

Chemolithoautotrophs

Answer 7

Oxidize inorganic molecules w/ Fe, N or S for energy & e- for biosynthesis & use CO2 for C

Question 8

Photolithoautotrophs

Answer 8

Aka photoautotrophs. Extract e- from inorganic molecules but gain E from light. CO2 is C source.

Question 9

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Answer 9

Aka chemoheterotrophs or chemoorganotrophs. Use reduced organic compounds of E, e- and C

Question 10

Most human pathogens are

Answer 10

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Question 11

Photoorganoheterotrophs

Answer 11

Organisms that use light for E but organic matter for e- and C

Question 12

Chemolithoheterotrophs

Answer 12

Use inorganic molecules for E and e-. Get C from organic sources.

Question 13

Fueling reactions

Answer 13

Reactions that convert E, e-, & C sources ———> ATP, reducing power, & precursor metabolites

Question 14

Reducing power

Answer 14

Molecules like NADH & NADPH that temp. store e-. Stored e- used in anabolic rxns (CO2 fixation & monomer synthesis)

Question 15

Precursor metabolites

Answer 15

Intermediates of glycolytic pathways, TCA cycle and others that serve as starting molecules for biosynthetic pathways that gen monomers and other building blocks of macromolecules

Question 16

How many types of general types of catabolic strategies?

Answer 16

2: respiration & fermentation

Question 17

Respiration

Answer 17

E yielding process in which E substrate is oxidized using exogenous or externally derived e- acceptor. (NADH or FADH2 donates e- to ETC)

Question 18

2 types of respiration

Answer 18

Aerobic respiration and fermentation (aka anaerobic respiration)

Question 19

Terminal e- acceptor respiration

Answer 19

O2

Question 20

Terminal e- acceptor fermentation

Answer 20

NO3- SO4-2 Fe+3

Question 21

PMF

Answer 21

Proton motive force- a type of potential energy created during ETC, used to generate ATP

Question 22

Endogenous acceptor

Answer 22

Acceptor from within the cell, usually an intermediate (eg pyruvate)

Question 23

Aerobic respiration

Answer 23

Metabolic process in which organic molecules are oxidized w/ O2 as the final e- acceptor. Can completely reduce organic E source to CO2 using glycolytic pathways and TCA.

Question 24

Aerobic respiration overview

Answer 24

Formation of pyruvate—> TCA cycle to oxidized pyruvate to CO2 ——> NADH & FADH2 from step 1&2 oxidized by ETC using O2 as final acceptor

Question 25

Which process conserves the most E during aerobic respiration?

Answer 25

ETC

Question 26

Glycolysis (Glycolytic Pathways)

Answer 26

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate acid by one of three pathways (Embden-Meyerhof, pentose phosphate, and Entner-Doudoroff)

Question 27

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)

Answer 27

Most common pathway for glucose—>pyruvate degradation. Function w/ or w/out O2.

Question 28

EMP produces

Answer 28

Pyruvate, precursor metabolites, NADH & ATP

Question 29

2 parts of EMP

Answer 29

6-C phase & 3-C phase

Question 30

6-C phase of EMP

Answer 30

2 ATP used to go from glucose ——> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

“Primes the pump”

Question 31

3-C phase of EMP

Answer 31

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate——> dihydroxyacetone & glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (DHAP immediately goes to glyceraldehye 3-phosphate) ——> NADH & 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate ——> ATP & 3-phosphoglycerate——> 2-phosphoglycerate——> H2O ——> phosphoenolpyruvate ——> ATP ——> pyruvate

Question 32

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 32

Syn of ATP from ADP by phosphorylation coupled w/ exergonic breakdown of a high E organic substrate molecule