Ch. 10 Vocab Flashcards
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
Agribusiness
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
Agriculture
A grass yielding grain for food
Cereal Grain
Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing
Chaff
A machine that reaps, threshes, and gleans, grain while moving over a field
Combine
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
Commercial Agriculture
Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season
Crop
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
Crop Rotation
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
Desertification
Harvesting twice a year from the same field
Double Cropping
Seed of a cereal plant
Grain
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers w
Green Revolution
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
Horticulture
The outer covering of a seed
Hull
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Milkshed
Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah
Paddy
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
Pastoral Nomadism
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well land used for grazing
Pasture
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specialize in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a MDC
Plantation
The most productive farmland
Prime agriculture land
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
Ranching
A machine that cuts cereal gran standing in the field
Reaper
System of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
Ridge Tillage
A flooded filed for growing rice
Sawah
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for a relatively few years, and left fallow for a relatively long period
Shifting Cultivation
Another name for shifting cultivation so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris
Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in late summer
Spring wheat
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by farmers and the farmer’s family
Subsistence Agriculture
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
Sustainable Agriculture
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning
Swidden
To beat out grain from the stalks by trampling it
Thresh
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and low-land pastures
Transhumance
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because “truck” was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities
Truck Farming
Rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Wet Rice
To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
Winnow
Wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer
Winter Wheat
