Ch 10 Airway Management Flashcards
Aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Agonal gasps
Occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped
Airway
The upper airway of the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth and throat
Alveolar minute volume
Volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space Tidal volume (minus dead space) x respiratory rate
Alveolar ventilation
The volume of air that reaches the alveoli = Tidal volume - dead space
American standard safety system
Safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas
Anaerobic metabolism
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; principal product is lactic acid
Apnea
Absence of spontaneous breathing
Aspiration
The introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs
Ataxic respirations
Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern
Automatic transport ventilator
ATV
Ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set; Frees the EMT to perform other tasks while patient is ventilated
BVM
Bag valve mask
Device with a one-way valve attached to ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen it delivers more than 90% supplemental O2
Barrier device
limits exposure to a patient’s body fluids
Bronchioles
Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli
Capnography
Noninvasive method to quickly/effectively provide info on a patient’s ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism; Measures concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time
Capnometry
Use of a capnometer that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide
Carina
Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi
Chemoreceptors
Monitor the levels of O2, CO2 and pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and provides feedback to the respiratory centers to modify rate and depth of breathing based on body needs at any given time
Compliance
Ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation
CPAP
Continuous positive air way pressure
Method of ventilation use primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent need to endotracheal intubation
Dead space
Portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and this does not participate in the gas exchange
Diffusion
Process in which molecules move from area of high concentration to area of lower concentration
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
End-tidal CO2
Amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath
Exhalation
Passive part of breathing in which the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs
External respiration
Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; pulmonary respiration
Gag reflex
Normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat
Gastric distension
When air fills the stomach, often as s result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation
Glottis
Space between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult’s airway; glottic opening
Good air exchange
Term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction; The patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully although wheezing may be heard
Hypercarbia
Increase CO2 in the bloodstream
Hypoxia
Dangerous condition where the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen
Hypoxic drive
Chronically low levels of oxygen stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases
Inhalation
Active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between blood cells and tissues
Intrapulmonary shunting
Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli of the left side of the heart
Labored breathing
breathing that required greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles
Larynx
Complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; “Voice box”
Manually triggered ventilation device
Fixed flow rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device
Mediastinum
Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi and esophagus; located between two lungs
Metabolism (cellular respiration)
Biochemical process that results in the production of energy from nutrients within the cells
Mild airway obstruction
When a foreign body partially obstructs the patient’s airway; patient us able to move adequate amounts of air but experiences some degree of respiratory distress
Brain tissue begins to die within ____ minutes without oxygen
4-6 minutes
Intrinsic factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
Allergic reaction, infection, unresponsiveness (tongue obstruction)
Extrinsic factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
Trauma or FBAO
