Ch 1 what does a comp do? Flashcards
what are comps?
a programmable machine that converts raw data into useful info
what is raw data?
includes numbers, words, pictures, or people, events, things or ideas
comps have what ability?
the ability to change its programming
who designed the analytical engine?
mathematician Charles Babbage
what is used to program the analytical engine
punch cards
what are punch cards?
stiff pieces of paper that convey info by the presence of absence of holes
who developed punch cards?
Joseph Marie Jacquard
who was the 1st comp programmer?
mathematician ada lovelace
the ada comp language was named after____ in _____
ada lovelace
1979
who invented the turing test and when?
mathematician alan turing in 1950
what does the turing test do?
tests a machines ability to display intelligent behavior
turing machines could perform what type of computations
mathematical
who is the father of AI
Alan turing
AI is the branch of
science concerned with making comps behave like humans
comps convert data into info through the
info processing cycle
what are the 4 steps of the info processing cycle
input
output
storage
processing
what is the program that windows include for screenshotting your desktop
snipping tool
what is the program included in macs for screen shotting your desktop
grab tool
what 4 types of snips can a windows capture
form
rectangular
window
full screen
what 3 types of grabs can a Mac capture
selection
window
screen
name at least 2 descriptions for 1st gen comps
massive in size
used vacuum tubes
used manual switches to process data
list 2 descriptions of vacuum tubes
resemble light bulbs
gives off a lot of heat
are unreliable
what does ENIAC stand for
electronic numerical integrator and comp
6 ENIACs were built at what university and when
university of Pennsylvania
1943-1946
what was the 1st working digital and general purpose comp
ENIAC
list 2 descriptions of the ENIAC
used 18,000 vacuum tubes
weighed 30 tons
occupied 1,800 sq ft
originally created to calculate artillery firing tables
wasn’t completed until after the war ended
was reprogrammed to solve a range of other problems
how do you program an ENIAC
by manipulating switches
how long does it take to program an ENIAC
several days
what is an IBM automatic sequence controlled calculator
Harvard mark 1
what was the general purpose of the Harvard mark 1
digital calculator used by the UPS Navy toward the end of WW2
how long and tall was the harvard mark 1
51 ft long
8 ft tall
what are 2 important 1st gen comps
z1
z3
colossus machines
atanascoff Berry comp
Harvard mark 1
ENIAC
UNIVAC
list 2 descriptions of 2nd gen comps
invented in 1947
use of transistors in place of vacuum tubes
more powerful
smaller
more reliable
reprogrammed in less time than 1st gen comps
what are tranisistors
tiny electronic switches
list 2 descriptions of 3rd gen comps
developed in the 1960s
used multiple integrated circuits to process data
smaller
faster
more reliable
much overlap between the 2nd and 3rd gen comps
what was the apollo guidance comp used for
used in moon landing missions
what are integrated circuits
chips that contain large numbers of tiny transistors fabricated into a semiconducting material called silicon
4th gen comps uses
microprocesors
what is a microprocessor
a complex integrated circuit that contains processing circuity in the 1970s
what is the central processing unit (CPU)
the primary microprocessor in the comp
what does the CPU do
behaves as the brain of the comp
controls all functions performed by other components
processes all the command it receives
what are some other microprocessors and their functions
npu - control the network
GPU - graphics
apu - audio processing
the 1st microprocessor was developed in
1971
what is moore’s law (1965)
predicted the number of transistors that could be placed on an integrated circuit had doubled roughly every 2 years
what is the technology plan that guides the industry
moore’s law
what is green computing
the efficient and eco friendly use of comps and other electronics
smart homes use
automation to control various appliances in the house
smart appliances can monitor
signals from the power company transmitted over the smart grid
what is the smart grid
a network for delivering electricity to consumers
what is the binary number system (Base 2)
number system that has only 2 digits: 0 and 1
all info entered into a comp system must be converted into
binary digits
when does the binary number system fail
when there is more than 2 choices
adding another switch or bit increases the possible combinations by a factor of
2
how many combinations would be for 6 bits
64
bit is short for
binary digit
the smallest unit of digital data is a
bit
8 bits equal
1 byte
1 byte gives us how many possible combinations
256
Bytes are used to represent
a single character in modern comp systems
what does ASCII stand for
American standard code for information
how many bits is in the ASCII
8 bits
what is the most common extension of ASCII
unicode
what is unicode
the standard on the internet and includes codes for most of the world’s written languages, math systems, and special characters
bits are used to
measure data transfer rates - internet connection speed
bytes are used
to measure file size and storage capacity
1 megabyte equals
1 million bytes
how many megabytes can a picture have
24 or more
1 gigabyte equals
1,000 megabytes
most storage is measured in
gigabytes
1 terabytes equals
1,000 gigabytes
larger hard drives are measured in
terabytes
what is bioinformatics
the application of technology to the field of biology
what is a workstation
a high end desktop comp that is attached to a network in a business setting
what is an all in 1 comp
a compact desktop comp with an integrated monitor and system unit
what is an operating system (OS)
software that provides the user with an interface to communicate with the hardware and software on a comp
a comp can not run without an
operating system
list 2 Mac advantages
easy set up
easy use
great multimedia capabilites
secure and stable
productivity and entertainment software included
list 2 PC advantages
less expensive
can run many versions of windows and linux
more configuration choices
list 2 chromebook advantages
inexpensive
relies on web apps and online storage
fast and secure
what is ergonomics
study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces
what does universal design refer to
input and output devices that can be used and adjusted by everyone
what is a subscriber identity module (SIM)
identifies the phone and includes account info and cellular carrier
what is global positioning system (GPS)
consists of 24 satellites operating at all times
multi user comps allow
multiple simultaneous users to connect to them
what is an advantage of multi user comps
centralized resources and security
server comps
provide services
a client is a device that
connects to or requests services from a server
ranges in size and price
what is a mainframe
large comps that can perform millions of transactions in a day
what is an enterprise servers and what did it replace
allows 1000s of users to utilize the system concurrently
mainframes
list 2 descriptions of super comps
very expensive
designed to perform a limited number of tasks asap
can be a single comp with multiple processors
can be a group of comps that work together
what is distributed computing
distributes the processing of a task across a group of comps
what is grid computing
distrbuted computing using a group of comps in 1 location
what is ubiquitous computing (ubicomp)
means technology recedes into the background
what is an embedded comp
specialized comp that is a part of another device
ex: gas pumps
what is IoT
internet of things
the connection of the physical world to the internet
the ____ is a measure of a comps ability to display intelligent behavior
artificial intelligence
2nd gen comps used what to process data
transistors
what is a complex integrated circuit that contains processing circuitry
microprocessor
what is the binary code that can represent most currently used language characters and is the standard used on the internet
unicode
what is a compact desktop comp with an integrated monitor and system unit called
all in one
what is an overlay of virtual content on the physical world
virtual reality
what consists of 24 satellites that transmit signals to determine the receivers current location, time, and velocity through the triangulation of the signals
GPS
what performs complex math calculations, such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research
supercomps
what is the study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces
ergonomics
what is an example of convergence
smartphone
