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Immunology - Serology > Ch. 1 - An Overview of Immunology > Flashcards

Ch. 1 - An Overview of Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

What are the humoral components of the Natural Immune system (Second line of defense)?

A

Complement
Lysozyme
Interferon

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1
Q

What are the cellular components of the Natural Immune system (Second line of defense)?

A

Mast cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages

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2
Q

What are the cellular components of the Adaptive Immune system?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Plasma cells

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3
Q

What are the humoral components of the Adaptive Immune system?

A

Antibodies

Cytokines

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4
Q

It is defined as resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease.

A

Immunology

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5
Q

These are specialized cells of the immune system that capture and display microbial antigen.

A

Lymphocytes

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7
Q

Cells of the immune system that eliminate microbes

A

Effector cells

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8
Q

What are the specific functions of the major cell types involved in the immune response?

A

Specific recognition of antigens
Capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
Elimination of antigens

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9
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

To recognize self from nonself and to defend the body against nonself

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10
Q

Lymphocytes are under the (specific/nonspecific) components of the immune system.

A

Specific

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11
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and soluble factors (complement) are under the (specific/nonspecific) components of the immune system.

A

Nonspecific

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12
Q

The desirable consequences of immunity include:

A

Natural resistance
Recovery
Acquired resistance to infectious diseases

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13
Q

The undesirable consequences of immunity include:

A

Allergy
Rejection of transplanted organ
Autoimmune disorder

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14
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

Unbroken skin and mucosal membrane surfaces

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15
Q

These are microorganisms normally inhabiting the skin and membranes

A

Normal flora

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16
Q

Aside from the skin, these can also deter penetration or facilitate elimination of foreign microorganisms from the body

A

Normal flora

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17
Q

These are type of secretions that adhere to the membranes of the nose and nasopharynx; traps microorganisms, which can be expelled by coughing or sneezing.

A

Mucus

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18
Q

_____ produced by the sebaceous glands of the skin and _____ in sweat both possess antimicrobial properties.

A

Sebum (oil); lactic acid

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19
Q

These protect the auditory canals from infectious disease

A

Earwax (cerumen)

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20
Q

An enzyme found in tears and saliva that attacks and destroys the cell wall of susceptible bacteria

A

Lysozyme

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21
Q

The immunoglobulin found in tears and saliva

A

IgA

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22
Q

It is a nonspecific mechanism that resists infection after microorganisms have penetrated the first line of defense.

A

Second line of defense: Natural immunity (inborn or innate resistance)

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23
Q

These are cells of the innate immune system located in tissues in close contact with the host’s natural environment (macrophages and dendritic cells) or that are rapidly reunited to the site of infection (neutrophils); carries out the detection of microbial pathogens

A

Sentinel cells

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24
Q

Tissue damaged produced by infections or other agents results in _____, a series of biochemical and cellular changes that facilitate phagocytosis.

A

Inflammation

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25
Q

Engulfment and destruction of microorganisms or damaged cells

A

Phagocytosis

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26
Q

These are sensitive indicators of the presence of inflammatory disease

A

Acute-phase proteins

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27
Q

These are the major humoral (liquid) component of natural immunity

A

Complement proteins

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28
Q

Referred to as a family of proteins produced rapidly by many cells in response to a viral infection; it blocks the replication of virus in other cells.

A

Interferon

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29
Q

Somtimes described as natural antibiotics

A

Interferon

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30
Q

What is the third line of defense

A

Adaptive immunity

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31
Q

A mechanism that allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen

A

Acquired or adaptive immunity

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32
Q

What is the major cellular component of acquired immunity?

A

Lymphocyte

33
Q

What is the major humoral component of acquired immunity?

A

Antibody

34
Q

These selectively respond to nonself materials (antigens), which leads to immune memory and a permanently altered pattern of response or adaptation to the environment.

A

Lymphocytes

35
Q

A type of acquired immunity wherein the antibodies are formed by the host.

A

Active immunity

36
Q

A type of acquired immunity wherein the antibodies are received from another source.

A

Passive immunity

37
Q

This type of immunity can be acquired by natural exposure in response to an infection or natural series of infections, or through intentional injection of an antigen.

A

Active

38
Q

The intentional injection of an antigen to induce active immunity is called _____? It is an effective method of stimulating antibody production and memory (acquired resistance) without contracting the disease.

A

Vaccination

39
Q

A term used to describe a host that is able to recognize a foreign antigen and build specific antigen-directed antibodies.

A

Immunocompetent host

40
Q

This type of immunity is achieved by the infusion of serum or plasma containing high concentrations of antibody or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual

A

Artificial passive immunity

41
Q

Passive immunity via pre-formed antibodies in serum provides immediate, (permanent/temporary) antibody protection against microorganisms

A

Temporary

42
Q

This type of immunity can be acquired naturally by the fetus through the transfer of antibodies by the maternal placental circulation in utero during the last 3 months of pregnancy

A

Passive

43
Q

Passively acquired immunity in newborns is (permanent/temporary).

A

Temporary. This immunity starts to decrease after the first several weeks or months after birth.

44
Q

This type of immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells

A

Cell mediated immunity

45
Q

This type of lymphocyte responds to antigens presented by other cells (antigen-presenting cells) in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

A

T lymphocyte

46
Q

A condition wherein the body’s own tissues are attacked as if they were foreign

A

Autoimmune disorder

47
Q

These are epitopes that can be found in infectious microorganisms or dietary sources. They can mimic other antigens and trigger an autoimmune condition.

A

Environmental antigens

48
Q

The innate immune response may not be able to recognize every possible antigen, but may focus on a few large groups of microorganisms, called _____.

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

49
Q

The receptors of the innate immune system that recognizes PAMPs are called _____.

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

50
Q

These are molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by the cells of the innate immune system

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

51
Q

It is a type of adaptive immunity whose primary purpose is defense against bacterial infection

A

Humoral-Mediated immunity

52
Q

It is a type of adaptive immunity whose primary purpose is defense against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens, and graft rejections.

A

Cell-Mediated immunity

53
Q

The cell type associated with Humoral-Mediated immunity is _____, while Cell-Mediated immunity is associated with _____.

A

B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes

54
Q

Direct cell-to-cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells is the mode of action of this type of adaptive immunity.

A

Cell-Mediated immunity

55
Q

What is the mode of action of Humoral-Mediated immunity?

A

Antibodies in serum

56
Q

In an active type of immunity, the antibodies are produced by the host. (T/F)

A

T

57
Q

In a passive type of immunity, the antibodies are produced by the host. (T/F)

A

F

58
Q

Duration of immune response for active imunity

A

Long

59
Q

Duration of immune response for passive imunity

A

Short

60
Q

The natural type of active immunity can be obtained through _____

A

Infection

61
Q

The artificial type of active immunity can be obtained through _____

A

Vaccination

62
Q

The natural type of passive immunity can be obtained through _____

A

Transfer in vivo or colustrum (thick yellowish milk, produced after a few days after the birth of the baby, very rich in antibodies)

63
Q

The artificial type of passive immunity can be obtained through _____

A

Infusion of serum/plasma

64
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Pathogens recognized by receptors encoded in the germline

A

Innate immunity

65
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Slow (3-5 days) response

A

Adaptive immunity

66
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Receptors have very narrow specificity (recognize a specific epitope)

A

Adaptive immunity

67
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Receptors have broad specificity (recognize PAMPs)

A

Innate immunity

68
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Has an immediate response

A

Innate immunity

69
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Pathogens recognized by receptors generated randomly

A

Adaptive immunity

70
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Has memory of prior antigenic exposure

A

Adaptive immunity

71
Q

Determine whether the following describes an Innate or Adaptive immunity:
Has little or no memory of prior antigenic exposure

A

Innate immunity

72
Q

A group of Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) that are molecules that circulate in blood and lymph; circulating proteins bind to PAMPs on the surface of many pathogens.

A

Secreted PRRs

73
Q

A group of PatternRecognition Receptor (PRR) that are cell surface receptors that bind the pathogen, initiating a signal leading to the release of effector molecules (eg. cytokines)

A

Phagocytosis receptors

74
Q

A group of PatternRecognition Receptor (PRR) that are a set of transmembrane receptors that recognize different types of PAMPs. These are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells.

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

75
Q

Type of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which binds to the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-1

76
Q

Type of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which binds lipoproteins of gram-negative bacteria

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-2

77
Q

Mediators that act between leukocytes

A

Interleukins

78
Q

Nonspecific soluble factors are made by or act on varius elements of the immune system These molecules are collectively called _____.

A

Cytokines

Immunology - Serology (7 decks)

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