CF03 - Critical Thinking

Question 1

Critical thinking

Answer 1

the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a guide to belief and action.

Question 2

5 Characteristics That Embody A Proficient Critical Thinker

Answer 2

A) open-mindedness
B) healthy skepticism
C) intellectual humility
D) free thinking
E) high motivation.

Question 3

Open-minded and healthy skepticism

Answer 3

means seeking out the facts, information sources, and reasoning to support issues we intend to judge; examining issues from as many sides as possible; rationally looking for the good and bad points of the various sides examined; accepting the fact that we may be in error ourselves; and maintaining the goal of getting at the truth rather than trying to please others or find fault with their views.

Question 4

Intellectual humility

Answer 4

adhering tentatively to recently acquired opinions; being prepared to examine new evidence and arguments,to stop thinking that complex issues can be reduced to matters of ‘right & wrong’ or ‘black & white’

Question 5

Free thinker

Answer 5

To think freely, one must restrain one’s desire to believe because of social pressures to conform.

Question 6

Highly motivated

Answer 6

willing to put in the necessary work sufficient to evaluate the multiple sides of issues.

Question 7

3 Approaches for Evaluating Information

Answer 7

Three effective approaches for evaluating information are to ensure information is credible, unbiased, and accurate.

Question 8

Reactive Thinking (System-1)

Answer 8

Many of the judgments that you make every day are automatic or reactive, rather than reflective.Good decisions emerging from system-1 thinking often feel intuitive.

Question 9

Reflective Thinking (System-2)

Answer 9

broad and informed problem-solving and deliberate decision making. It is useful for judgments in unfamiliar situations. Argument making is often part of the deliberation process when making system-2 decisions. Critical thinking is considered system-2 thinking

Question 10

4 Categories of Hindrances to Critical Thinking

Answer 10

1 Basic Human Limitations
2 Use Of Language
3 Faulty Logic Or Perception
4 Psychological Or Sociological Pitfalls

Question 11

Basic Human Limitations

Category of Hindrance to Critical Thinking

Answer 11

1 Confirmation Bias and Selective Thinking
2 False Memories and Confabulation
3 personal biases and prejudices
4 Physical and Emotional Hindrances Testimonial evidence
5 Testimonial evidence

Question 12

Confirmation Bias and Selective Thinking

Answer 12

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Basic Human Limitation
- the process whereby one tends to notice and look for what confirms one‘s beliefs, and to ignore, not look for, or undervalue what contradicts one‘s beliefs.

Question 13

False Memories and Confabulation

Answer 13

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Basic Human Limitation - being unaware that our memories are often manufactured to fill in the gaps in our recollection

Question 14

personal biases and prejudices

Answer 14

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Basic Human Limitation - result from our own unique life experiences and worldview, which make it difficult to remain objective and think critically.

Question 15

Physical and Emotional Hindrances

Answer 15

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Basic Human Limitation - These include stress, fatigue, drugs, and related hindrances.

Question 16

Testimonial evidence

Answer 16

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Basic Human Limitation
- We should not rely on the testimonies and vivid stories of others to substantiate one‘s own beliefs, even though testimonies are inherently subjective, inaccurate, unreliable, biased, and occasionally fraudulent.

Question 17

The Use of Language

Category of Hindrance to Critical Thinking

Answer 17

This is highly relevant to critical thinking. The choice of

- words themselves can conceal the truth, mislead, confuse, or deceive us.

Question 18

Ambiguity

Answer 18

Hindrance to critical thinking - Use of Language

- a word or expression that can be understood in more than one way.

Question 19

Assuring expressions

Answer 19

Hindrance to critical thinking - Use of Language

- those that disarm you from questioning the validity of an argument.

Question 20

Meaningless comparisons

Answer 20

Hindrance to critical thinking - Use of Language

- include language that implies something is superior but retreats from that view.

Question 21

Doublespeak jargon

Answer 21

Hindrance to critical thinking - Use of Language
- use of technical language to make the simple seem complex, the trivial seem profound, or the insignificant seem important, all done intentionally to impress others

Question 22

Emotive content

Answer 22

Hindrance to critical thinking - Use of Language
- intentional use of words to arouse feelings about a subject to bias others positively or negatively, in order to gain influence or power.

Question 23

False implications

Answer 23

Hindrance to critical thinking - Use of Language

- use of language that is clear and accurate but misleading because it suggests something false.

Question 24

Apophenia and superstition

Answer 24

Hindrance to critical thinking - Faulty Logic or Perception

- the erroneous perception of the connections between unrelated events.

Question 25

Argument from ignorance

Answer 25

Hindrance to critical thinking - Faulty Logic or Perception - a logical fallacy claiming something is true because it has not been proven false.

Question 26

False analogies

Answer 26

Hindrance to critical thinking - Faulty Logic or Perception

- illogical analogies to support the validity of a particular claim.

Question 27

pragmatic fallacy

Answer 27

Hindrance to critical thinking - Faulty Logic or Perception

- something is true because ―it works even though the cause of this something and the outcome are not demonstrated.

Question 28

slippery slope fallacy

Answer 28

Hindrance to critical thinking - Faulty Logic or Perception

- an argument that assumes an adverse chain of events will occur, but offers no proof.

Question 29

Ad populum

Answer 29

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Psychological and Sociological Pitfalls
- bandwagon fallacy, is an appeal to the popularity of the claim as a reason for accepting the claim.

Question 30

emotional appeal

Answer 30

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Psychological and Sociological Pitfalls
- making irrelevant emotional appeals to accept a claim (since emotion often influences people more effectively than logical reasoning).

Question 31

Evading the Issue, Red Herring

Answer 31

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Psychological and Sociological Pitfalls
- happen when one has been accused of wrongdoing by diverting attention to an issue irrelevant to the one at hand.

Question 32

Fallacy of False Dilemma

Answer 32

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Psychological and Sociological Pitfalls
- You are either with us, or with the terrorists!

Question 33

Poisoning the well

Answer 33

Hindrance to Critical Thinking - Psychological and Sociological Pitfalls
- creating a prejudicial atmosphere against the opposition, making it difficult for the opponent to be received fairly.

Question 34

eight elements of thought

Answer 34

Purpose, Questions, Information, Inferences/Conclusions, Concepts, Assumptions, Implications/Consequences, and Points of View

Question 35

intellectual standards associated with critical thinking

Answer 35

Intellectual standards should be applied to thinking to ensure its quality.