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Neuroscience > Cerebral Cortex-Exam II > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex-Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

About how many neurons are housed in the cerebral cortex?

A

10 billion.. how do they know that!? also perspective: 170 billion cells in brain..fyi

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2
Q

What are the six layers of gray matter in the cerebral cortex? (Superficial->Deep)

A

I. Molecular II. External Granular Layer III. External Pyramidal Layer IV. Internal Granular Layer V. Internal Pyramidal Layer VI. Multiform Layer

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3
Q

Which cells of the cortex are found in layers 3,4,&6 that send info from deep to superficial? Are these cells Radial or Tangential?

A

Cells of Martinoti…Radial

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4
Q

Which cells of the cortex contact signals from Martinoti cells to Pyramidal Cells? Are they Radial or Tangential?

A

Horizontal Cells…Tangential

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5
Q

Which cells carry signals from the superficial to the deep part of the cortex? Radial or Tangential?

A

Pyramidal Cells…Radial

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6
Q

What can the cortex be divided into on its smallest level?

A

Vertical Columns

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7
Q

What can groups of vertical columns be clustered into? What’s an example of this?

A

Functionally Specialized Areas (Brodmann’s Area)

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8
Q

What is the largest categorization of vertical columns–>functionally specialized areas?

A

Lobes/Cortices

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9
Q

What are the three types of fibers that connect lobes/cortices? Where do each of them work?

A

Association Fibers (within same hemisphere), Commissural Fibers(hemisphere to hemisphere), Projection Fibers(Thalamus to the Cortex)

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10
Q

What are the 5 cell types found in the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Pyramidal 2. Stellate 3. Fusiform 4. Horizontal Cells of Cajal 5. Cells of Martinoti
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11
Q

What are the five functional areas of the cortex?

A

1.Primary Sensory Cortices 2. Sensory Association Cortices 3.Motor Planning Cortices 4. Primary Mortor Cortices 5. Association Cotrices

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12
Q

Which gyrus is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

A

POSTcentral Gyrus

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13
Q

Where does the primary somatosensory cortex receive input from?

A

The thalamus (the great switchboard)

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14
Q

Which gyrus can I find the somatosensory association cortex?

A

SupraMarginal Gyrus

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15
Q

What can a lesion of the somatosensory association cortex cause?

A

ASTERO-GNO-SIS

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16
Q

Which 2 gyri will i find the primary Visual Cortex?

A

Cuneus & Lingual (Occipital-divided by Calcirin Sulcus)

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17
Q

What would result with a lesion to the primary somatosensoy cortex aka “Hemianesthesia”?

A

Loss of conscious proprioception

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18
Q

What is housed in the angular gyrus?

A

The visual association cortex

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19
Q

What have I damaged if I cannot converge or diverge my eyes?

A

The visual association cortex

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20
Q

Where is my primary auditory cortex?

A

the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl

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21
Q

Where is my auditory association cortex?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus

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22
Q

Which cortex and what specific area of that cortex have I injured if i cannot understand spoken language?

A

The auditory association cortex–Wernike’s

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23
Q

What are the four structures of the Primary Olfactory Cortex?

A

The Uncus, Piriform Cortex, The PeriAmygdaloid, and part of the ParaHippoCampal Gyrus

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24
Q

What is the inability to recognize an object/to interpret and recognize sensory stimuli? THIS IS FOR ALL THE DIFFERENT ASSOCIATION CORTICES

A

AG-NOS-IA

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25
Q

What are the two terms for in ability to sense an object by touch? What Brodmann’s number area is this?

A

Tactile Agnosia aka Astero-Gnosis, lesion in area 40

26
Q

What is the inability to recognize faces?

A

PRO-SO-PAG-NO-SIA

27
Q

What is the inability to recognize objects by sight? What numbered area is this?

A

Visual Agnosia..Area 39

28
Q

What is the inability to recognize familiar sounds and words? What area?

A

Auditory Agnosia…Area 22

29
Q

Which stream helps see Form, 3-D, Position, Motion?

A

Parietal Stream

30
Q

What happens if you take out my left primary visual cortex?

A

Lose vision from my right eye

31
Q

Which stream is for Visual Detail and Color

A

Temporal Stream

32
Q

What is a negative sign?

A

Complete loss of function..eg Paralysis of something

33
Q

What is a positive sign?

A

Abnormal function of something…hallucination

34
Q

Describe to me the flow of information and the functional areas…

A

Primary Sensory Cortex–>Sensory Association Cortex–>Association Cortex–>Motor Planning Areas–>Primary motor cortex

35
Q

What is the scientific term for loss of the PRIMARY visual cortex? Are you ready for some crazy words?

A

HOMO-NY-MOUS HEMI-ANO-PIA

36
Q

What is the flow of signals if I want to replicate a sound? Pretty cool! Really only one new area we haven’t talked about much..

A

Sound comes in the primary auditory cortex–>goes to the auditory association cortex–>then to wernicke’s area–>then to the subcortical connections–>then to broca’s area–>oral and throat region of the sensorimotor cortex

37
Q

Which cortex have I damaged if I cannot LOCALIZE a sound?

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

38
Q

Where might a lesion be with a positive babinski sign?

A

The Primary Motor Cortex

39
Q

Which two cortices house the main motor planning area?

A

The PreMotor Cortex/Frontal Eye Fields & Supplemental Motor cortex

40
Q

What structures are involved with INTERNALLY motivated movements? Like to get up, walk, etc.

A

The Basal Ganglia (then sent to the motor planning areas)

41
Q

What structures are involved with Externally motivated movements? How does this relate to parkinsons?

A

The cerebellum and the premotor cortex. If you give external motivation for a parkinsons pt to move, like through music or commands they have an easier time moving. (rather then the basal ganglia telling them to move)

42
Q

What is the term for normal comprehension of language, but difficult expression of speech?

A

Broca’s Aphasia (expressive aphasia)

43
Q

What is the general term for the inability to plan perform skilled movements?

A

A-Prax-ia

44
Q

What is the loss of ability to carry out spontaneous movement?

A

A-Kinetic apraxia

45
Q

What is the inability to carryout a command due to inability to remember the command?

A

Amnestic Apraxia

46
Q

What is the inability to perform complicated motor tasks?

A

Motor Apraxia

47
Q

What is the inability to demonstrate the use of objects

A

ID-ation-al apraxia (I think they made that word up)

48
Q

What is the inability to perform facial-oral movements on command?

A

Facial Apraxia

49
Q

What is the most common apraxia?

A

Facial Apraxia

50
Q

What are the three Association Cortices?

A
  1. Prefrontal/Frontal 2. Limbic 3. Parietotemporal
51
Q

What are the three parts of Prefrontal/Frontal association cortex?

A

Superior, middle frontal gyri, and medial frontal lobe

52
Q

What is the function for ALL planned activities in the frontal lobe?

A

Executive Functiony

53
Q

What areas regulate the AFFECT associated with sensation (happy, sad, friendly etc)?

A

Frontal/Prefrontal Asscoication Cortices

54
Q

Where is the limbic association cortex?

A

anterior pole of the temporal lobe

55
Q

Which association cortex is involved in regulation of emotions, mood, affect, & memory?

A

The limbic association cortex

56
Q

Which association cortex is involved in sensory integration, problem solving, speech, and spatial processing?

A

ParietoTemporal Association Cortex

57
Q

Which association cortex is linked to the hemineglect syndrome? Remember the clock on the wall?

A

The ParietoTemporal Association Cortex

58
Q

Which hemisphere is considered the dominant hemisphere in most individuals?

A

The Left Hemisphere

59
Q

What % of the population is Right Handed? What % of Right handed people are left brain dominant? What % of Left handed people are left brain dominant?

A

90% of people are right handed. 90% of right handers are left brain dominant. 60-70% of wrong handers are left brain dominant as well

60
Q

Categorize these as dominant or noncom fxns: Spatial Oritentation? Arithmic-Analytical? Language? Prosody?

A

Spatial Orientation:NONdom Arithmic-Analytical: DOM Language: DOM Prosody: Non-Dom

61
Q

Categorize as dom or non dom…Skilled motor formulation? Analytic-Spatial Seuential Processing? Visual Spatial Analysis?

A

Skilled Motor: Dom….Analytic-Spatial: NON-dom…Sequential Processing: DOM….Visual Spatial Analysis:Non-Dom

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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