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Emma H&N II > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

gyri/sulci increase ___________

A

surface area

allows for increased cortex size without increasing overall size of the brain

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2
Q

sagital sulcus

A

Longitudinal fissure

-divides brain into L and R hemispheres

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3
Q

precentral sulcus

A

-immediately anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe

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4
Q

central sulcus

A

-divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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5
Q

post-central sulcus

A

-immediately posterior to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe

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6
Q

lateral sulcus

A

Sylvian Fissure

  • long, deep sulcus on lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
  • separates temporal lobe from rest of cortex
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7
Q

parietoccipital sulcus

A

-separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe

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8
Q

intraparietal sulcus

A

lateral sulcus in parietal lobe

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9
Q

superior and inferior frontal sulci

A

-separate superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri

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10
Q

superior and inferior temporal sulci

A

-separate superior/middle/inferior temporal gyri

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11
Q

frontal lobe: how many gyri?

A

4

  • superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri
  • precentral gyrus
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12
Q

parietal lobe: how many gyri?

A

4

  • postcentral gyrus
  • superior parietal lobule
  • supramarginal gyrus
  • angular gyrus
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13
Q

temporal lobe: how many gyri?

A

3

-superior/middle/inferior temporal gyri

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14
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

-regions of the brain based on cytoarchitecture of the neurons

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15
Q

Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

Brodmann area 4

A

primary motor cortex

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17
Q

corpus callosum

A

-white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres

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18
Q

R visual field goes to

A

L hemisphere

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19
Q

language controlled by _________ hemisphere

A

language controlled by LEFT hemisphere

20
Q

_______ hemisphere controls the left motor movements

A

RIGHT hemisphere controls the left motor movements (contralateral)

21
Q

frontal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

A
  • anterior to central sulcus
  • prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca’s area
  • motor function
22
Q

premotor cortex

A
  • frontal lobe
  • involved in planning movement
  • association area: devoted to an elaboration of the associated primary area and involves motor functions associated with high-level intellectual functions
23
Q

motor cortex

A
  • frontal lobe
  • executes movement
  • organized geographically to parts it controls (homonculus)
24
Q

cortical spinal pathway: primary motor neurons reside in _________

A

cortical spinal pathway: primary motor neurons reside in MOTOR CORTEX (frontal lobe)

25
Q

distal parts of the body (legs, hands) are controlled by which area?

A

medially (homonculus)

26
Q

association areas

A

needed for high level intellectual functions

27
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • in L frontal lobe, ant to primary motor cortex, just above temporal lobe
  • involved in SPEECH PRODUCTION (motor formation of speech)
  • lesion = Broca’s aphasia (expressive aphasia)
28
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • frontal lobe
  • involved in social judgement
  • inhibits impulsive thoughts/behaviors to fit social norms
  • Phineas Gage
  • implicated in schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, ADHD
29
Q

damage to prefrontal cortex is associated with which disorders?

A
  • schizophrenia
  • antisocial PD
  • ADHD
30
Q

Phineas Gage

A
  • injury while working on railroad
  • destroyed L frontal lobe
  • transformed his personality
31
Q

parietal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

A
  • -posterior to central sulcus
  • primary sensory cortex
  • sensory function
  • –visual and cognitive attention
32
Q

primary sensory cortex

A
  • areas correspond geographically to parts of the body (homonculus)
  • ascending dorsal column and spinothalamic pathways project here via thalamus
  • lesions cause loss of sensation in corresponding area
33
Q

2nd somatosensory association area (S2)

A
  • posterior to S1
  • elaboration of associated primary area
  • involves sensory functions associated with high level functions (spatial attention)
34
Q

unilateral lesion to parietal lobe?

A
  • causes contralateral neglect
  • pt fails to pay attention to contralateral side
  • R lesion: only draw numbers on L side of clock
35
Q

occipital lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

A
  • most posterior region of cortex
  • primary visual cortex, association visual cortex
  • vision
36
Q

primary visual cortex

A

-receives input from the retina via lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

37
Q

temporal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

A
  • lateral to Sylvian fissure
  • major areas: primary auditory cortex, hippocampus amygdala, Wernicke’s area
  • auditory function, memory, emotion, language comprehension
38
Q

primary auditory cortex

A
  • located in superior temporal gyrus

- contains Heschl’s gyrus

39
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • located in posterior 1/3 of superior temporal gyrus
  • close to auditory cortex
  • SPEECH COMPREHENSION
  • damage = Wernicke’s aphasia
40
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

-located in transverse temporal gyri in primary auditory complex, buried within lateral sulcus

41
Q

primary auditory complex is organized by __________

A

primary auditory complex is organized by FREQUENCY

42
Q

auditory hallucinations (schizophrenia) light up which area of the brain during MRI?

A

-Heschl’s gyrus

43
Q

neurons in visual cortex of young mouse

A
  • lots of crossover
  • no delineation of R vs L
  • convergence
44
Q

neurons in visual cortex of adult mouse

A
  • complete rearrangement
  • separation of information processing
  • L vs R is distinct
45
Q

ocular dominance

A
  • limit stimulus from 1 eye during development

- greater representation of intact eye in adult (convergence)

Emma H&N II (49 decks)

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