Cerebral Cortex 1 Flashcards
Clinco-anatomical correlation refers to
Correlation of premortem signs with lesions observed during autopsy
The first attempts to match cortical localization with function involed _ (person) and _ (movement)
Franz Gall
Phrenology
The matching of skull irregularities to underlying function is the basis of which movement?
Phrenology
What was the location of Broca’s patient’s lesion? (3)
Inferior frontal convolutions
Pars triangularis
Opercularis
A lesion involving the following 3 areas will result in what clinical finding?
Inferior frontal convolutions
Pars triangularis
Opercularis
Inability to find / form words (Broca’s area)
Majority of behaviors involve single neural areas working in isolation (T/F)
False
What types of cells are characterized as follows?
- Large apical dendrite
- Horizontal running basal dendrites
- Large Axon from soma base
Pyramidal cells
The most common cell type in the cerebral cortex is _
Pyramidal cell
Pyramidal cells (which consist of all projection neurons) are found in which cell layers?
All but layer 1
Stellate, Chandelier, Aspiny, Spiny and Basket cells refer to what type of cell?
Granule Cells
What are the names of granule cells in the following cell layers
III - (1)
IV - (2)
III and V (1)
Chandelier
Spiny and Aspiny
Basket cells
he major function of granule cells are as _. They are largely _ in nature
Interneurons
Inhibitory
What are the six layer names within the cortex?
Plexiform Outer granular Outer pyramidal Inner granular Inner pyramidal Multiform
The band of Baillerger are a layer of horizontal fibers contained within what cortical layers?
IV and V
A major charactistic of cells within columns are?
Functionally linked - Same receptive field and sensory modality
The corpus callosum links the entire left and right cortex (except the temporal pole). From what cortical layer do corpus callosum neurons arise? What are they called?
Layer III
Interhemispheric neurons
The temporal poles of both hemispheres are connected by what structure?
Anterior Commisure
Long association neurons connect _. They arise from what layers?
Connect lobes
Layers III and V
Short association axons connect _. They arise from what layer?
Gyri
Layer II
Local intrinsic axons connect what?
Layers
Local circuit acons typically connect _? What is unique about their neurotransmission?
Connect columns
Usually peptidergic
The following corticofugal axons arise from what layers?
Corticothalamic
Corticobulbar and corticospinal
Corticostriate and corticopontine
Layer VI
Layers III and V
Layer V
Corticopetal axons refer to _
Axons coursing towards the cortex
All cortical neurons are formed by _
The first half of gestation
The telencephalic neural tube consists of (2)
Plexiform zone
Matrix / ventricular zone
The matrix /ventricular zone refers to _
A layer of neuroblast adjacent to the lateral ventricle
Neuroblast migration into the plexiform zone is triggered by _
arrival of noradrenergic axons
A total of _ migration waves occur. Each wave results in _
Five
neuroblasts forming successive cortical layers closer to the pia
The oldest and only acellular layer in the cortex is _
Layer 1
The ependymal lining of of the lateral ventricle is formed by _
Neuroblasts left in the matrix zone
Organize the six layers according to age (oldest to youngest)
Layer 1, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2
The formation of gyri and sulci results from _
Differential intracortical forces
A theory regarding the formation of gyri and sulci postulates _
Somes layers are more densly packed, develop faster, leading to buckling
Polymicrogria refers to _. What is the cause? How are the cells layers arranged?
Many small gyri
Abberant migration
Poorly
Lissencephaly refers to _. what cell layer is absent? What cell layer is reduced?
Smooth brain
Layer 2 absent
Layer 3 and 4 reduced
The gene associated with lissencephaly is makes _
Proteins that interact with microtubules
A milder form of lissencephaly is _
Pachygyria
Displaced cortical layers in what brain area is associated with dyslexia?
Wernicke’s area
Small nests of incorrectly positioned cortical neurons are referred to as _. These cell bodies may sometimes be surrounded by _
Ectopic foci
White matter
