Cerebellum (section 3)

Question 0

Four main functions of the cerebellum

Answer 0

1. Compare actual and intended movements
2. Planning sequential movements
3. Learning coordinated movements
4. Produce a synergy of movement

Question 1

In what way is the cerebellum similar to the basal ganglia

Answer 1

They rarely cause movement and cause no sensation. Their neurons have no direct connections to spinal cord ventral horn motoneurons.

Question 2

Three cerebellar diseases and disorders?

Answer 2

1. Ataxia (Incoordination of movements without paralysis)
2. Hypotonia (loose muscles or joints)
3. Intention tremors (loss of muscle synergy)

Question 3

The midline structure of the cerebellum

Answer 3

Vermis

Question 4

The 3 lobes of cerebellum

Answer 4

1. Anterior Lobe
2. Posterior Lobe
3. Flocculonodular Lobe

Question 5

What divides the two lobes of the cerebellum

Answer 5

Primary Fissure

Question 6

What separates the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular lobe?

Answer 6

Posterolateral Fissure

Question 7

The three output nuclei of the cerebellum

Answer 7

1. Dentate
2. Globose and Emboliform (Interposed) nuclei
3. Fastigial Nucleus

Question 8

Which nucleus of the cerebellum is the most lateral

Answer 8

Dentate

Question 9

Nucleus of the cerebellum that is most medial

Answer 9

Fastigial Nucleus

Question 10

Which cerebellum nucleus has projection neurons of the spinocerebellum

Answer 10

Globose and Emboliform (Interposed) Nuclei

Question 11

Fastigial Nucleus has projection neurons to where?

Answer 11

Vestibulocerebellum

Question 12

Dentate has projection neurons to where?

Answer 12

Cerebrocerebellum

Question 13

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle has axons leaving or entering the cerebellum?

Answer 13

Leaving

Question 14

Which Peduncle has axons entering the cerebellum

Answer 14

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

Question 15

Which peduncle has axons entering and leaving the cerebellum

Answer 15

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

Question 16

What region of the Cerebellum is also known as the flocculonodular lobe?

Answer 16

Vestibulocerebellum

Question 17

Inputs of the Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 17

Inner Ear and Visual System

Question 18

What peduncle does the inputs travel through to get to the vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 18

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 19

Outputs of the vestibulocerebellum

Answer 19

To the vestibular nuclei

Question 20

Describe pathway of output circuit in the vestibulocerebellum

Answer 20

leaves via fastigial nucleus through the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles

Question 21

3 functions of vestibulocerebellum region

Answer 21

1. Maintain equilibrium and control of axial muscles to maintain balance
2. Coordinate eye and head movements
3. Maintains upright posture

Question 22

Location of the Spinocerebellum region

Answer 22

Intermediate region of the cerebellum. Includes part of the vermis and the cerebellar cortices just lateral to the vermis.

Question 23

Spinocerebellum region carries out what function of the cerebellum

Answer 23

“Comparator function”

Question 24

Input of Spinocerebellum

Answer 24

from spinal cord

Question 25

Input towards spinocerebellum travels through which peduncle

Answer 25

Superior and Inferior Cerebellar peduncle

Question 26

Output of Spinocerebellum

Answer 26

1. Reticular formation 2. Contralateral thalamus 3. Contralateral red nucleus

Question 27

Output pathway from spinocerebellum

Answer 27

Via the globose and emboliform (interposed) nuclei through the superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 28

Two functions of Spinocerebellum region

Answer 28

1. Contributes to modulation and control of movement by providing corrections to sensorimotor cortex and motoneurons in spinal cord 2. Regulates muscle tone by influence of descending pathways on gamma motoneurons that innervate muscle spindles

Question 29

What part of the cerebellum makes up the Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 29

Lateral cerebellar cortices

Question 30

Input of cerebrocerebellum region

Answer 30

Cerebral cortex

Question 31

Input to cerebrocerebellum enters through which peduncle

Answer 31

Via the middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 32

Output of Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 32

Contralateral thalamus

Question 33

Output pathway for cerebrocerebellum

Answer 33

Via the dentate nucleus through the superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 34

Function of Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 34

1. Formulation of motor plans and initiation of movements

Question 35

Three main signs of cerebellar dysfunction

Answer 35

1. Hypotonia 2. Disequilibrium 3. Dyssynergia

Question 36

What is Hypotonia

Answer 36

Floppy, loose-jointed, rag-doll appearance with pendular reflexes; Patient appears inebraited

Question 37

What is Disequilibrium

Answer 37

Loss of balance, characterized by gait and trunk dystaxia

Question 38

What is Dyssynergia

Answer 38

Loss of coordinated muscle activity

Question 39

8 things included in Dyssynergia

Answer 39

1. Dysarthria 2. Dystaxia 3. Dysmetria 4. Dysdiadochokinesia 5. Nystagmus 6. Decomposition of movement 7. Rebound or lack of check 8. Nausea and Vomiting

Question 40

What type of Dyssynergia is the inability to perform rapid alternating movements (rapid supination and pronation)?

Answer 40

Dysdiadochokinesia

Question 41

Which dyssynergia is a form of dystaxia consisting of to-and-fro eye movementss

Answer 41

Nystagmus

Question 42

Which dyssynergia results from the inability to adjust to changes in muscle tension

Answer 42

Rebound or lack of check

Question 43

Which dyssynergia is associated with cerebellar hemorrhages and lesions to the vestibulocerebellum

Answer 43

Nausea and Vomiting

Question 44

Which dyssynergia is a lack of coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

Answer 44

Dystaxia (ataxia)

Question 45

Which dyssynergia is the inability to arrest muscular movement at the desired point

Answer 45

Dysmetria

Question 46

Which dyssynergia consists of breaking down a smooth muscle act into a number of jerky awkward component parts

Answer 46

Decomposition of movement

Question 47

Which dyssynergia is difficulty speaking or slurred and scanning speech

Answer 47

Dysarthria

Question 48

Intention Tremor (associated with dysmetria)

Answer 48

occurs during a voluntary movement and gets worse as subject approaches his target