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Neuroscience > Cerebellum (section 3) > Flashcards

Cerebellum (section 3) Flashcards

0
Q

Four main functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. Compare actual and intended movements
  2. Planning sequential movements
  3. Learning coordinated movements
  4. Produce a synergy of movement
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1
Q

In what way is the cerebellum similar to the basal ganglia

A

They rarely cause movement and cause no sensation. Their neurons have no direct connections to spinal cord ventral horn motoneurons.

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2
Q

Three cerebellar diseases and disorders?

A
  1. Ataxia (Incoordination of movements without paralysis)
  2. Hypotonia (loose muscles or joints)
  3. Intention tremors (loss of muscle synergy)
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3
Q

The midline structure of the cerebellum

A

Vermis

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4
Q

The 3 lobes of cerebellum

A
  1. Anterior Lobe
  2. Posterior Lobe
  3. Flocculonodular Lobe
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5
Q

What divides the two lobes of the cerebellum

A

Primary Fissure

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6
Q

What separates the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Posterolateral Fissure

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7
Q

The three output nuclei of the cerebellum

A
  1. Dentate
  2. Globose and Emboliform (Interposed) nuclei
  3. Fastigial Nucleus
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8
Q

Which nucleus of the cerebellum is the most lateral

A

Dentate

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9
Q

Nucleus of the cerebellum that is most medial

A

Fastigial Nucleus

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10
Q

Which cerebellum nucleus has projection neurons of the spinocerebellum

A

Globose and Emboliform (Interposed) Nuclei

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11
Q

Fastigial Nucleus has projection neurons to where?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

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12
Q

Dentate has projection neurons to where?

A

Cerebrocerebellum

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13
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle has axons leaving or entering the cerebellum?

A

Leaving

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14
Q

Which Peduncle has axons entering the cerebellum

A

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

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15
Q

Which peduncle has axons entering and leaving the cerebellum

A

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

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16
Q

What region of the Cerebellum is also known as the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

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17
Q

Inputs of the Vestibulocerebellum

A

Inner Ear and Visual System

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18
Q

What peduncle does the inputs travel through to get to the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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19
Q

Outputs of the vestibulocerebellum

A

To the vestibular nuclei

20
Q

Describe pathway of output circuit in the vestibulocerebellum

A

leaves via fastigial nucleus through the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles

21
Q

3 functions of vestibulocerebellum region

A
  1. Maintain equilibrium and control of axial muscles to maintain balance
  2. Coordinate eye and head movements
  3. Maintains upright posture
22
Q

Location of the Spinocerebellum region

A

Intermediate region of the cerebellum. Includes part of the vermis and the cerebellar cortices just lateral to the vermis.

23
Q

Spinocerebellum region carries out what function of the cerebellum

A

“Comparator function”

24
Q

Input of Spinocerebellum

A

from spinal cord

25
Q

Input towards spinocerebellum travels through which peduncle

A

Superior and Inferior Cerebellar peduncle

26
Q

Output of Spinocerebellum

A
  1. Reticular formation
  2. Contralateral thalamus
  3. Contralateral red nucleus
27
Q

Output pathway from spinocerebellum

A

Via the globose and emboliform (interposed) nuclei through the superior cerebellar peduncle

28
Q

Two functions of Spinocerebellum region

A
  1. Contributes to modulation and control of movement by providing corrections to sensorimotor cortex and motoneurons in spinal cord
  2. Regulates muscle tone by influence of descending pathways on gamma motoneurons that innervate muscle spindles
29
Q

What part of the cerebellum makes up the Cerebrocerebellum

A

Lateral cerebellar cortices

30
Q

Input of cerebrocerebellum region

A

Cerebral cortex

31
Q

Input to cerebrocerebellum enters through which peduncle

A

Via the middle cerebellar peduncle

32
Q

Output of Cerebrocerebellum

A

Contralateral thalamus

33
Q

Output pathway for cerebrocerebellum

A

Via the dentate nucleus through the superior cerebellar peduncle

34
Q

Function of Cerebrocerebellum

A
  1. Formulation of motor plans and initiation of movements
35
Q

Three main signs of cerebellar dysfunction

A
  1. Hypotonia
  2. Disequilibrium
  3. Dyssynergia
36
Q

What is Hypotonia

A

Floppy, loose-jointed, rag-doll appearance with pendular reflexes; Patient appears inebraited

37
Q

What is Disequilibrium

A

Loss of balance, characterized by gait and trunk dystaxia

38
Q

What is Dyssynergia

A

Loss of coordinated muscle activity

39
Q

8 things included in Dyssynergia

A
  1. Dysarthria
  2. Dystaxia
  3. Dysmetria
  4. Dysdiadochokinesia
  5. Nystagmus
  6. Decomposition of movement
  7. Rebound or lack of check
  8. Nausea and Vomiting
40
Q

What type of Dyssynergia is the inability to perform rapid alternating movements (rapid supination and pronation)?

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

41
Q

Which dyssynergia is a form of dystaxia consisting of to-and-fro eye movementss

A

Nystagmus

42
Q

Which dyssynergia results from the inability to adjust to changes in muscle tension

A

Rebound or lack of check

43
Q

Which dyssynergia is associated with cerebellar hemorrhages and lesions to the vestibulocerebellum

A

Nausea and Vomiting

44
Q

Which dyssynergia is a lack of coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

A

Dystaxia (ataxia)

45
Q

Which dyssynergia is the inability to arrest muscular movement at the desired point

A

Dysmetria

46
Q

Which dyssynergia consists of breaking down a smooth muscle act into a number of jerky awkward component parts

A

Decomposition of movement

47
Q

Which dyssynergia is difficulty speaking or slurred and scanning speech

A

Dysarthria

48
Q

Intention Tremor (associated with dysmetria)

A

occurs during a voluntary movement and gets worse as subject approaches his target

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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