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Neuroscience > Basal Ganglia (section 3) > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia (section 3) Flashcards

0
Q

Caudate + Putamen = ?

A

Striatum or Neostriatum

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1
Q

Six components of the Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus (interna and externa)
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra (pars reticulate and pars compacta)
Nucleus Accumbens (considered 6th nucleus of BG)

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2
Q

Caudate + putamen + globus pallidus = ?

A

Corpus Striatum

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3
Q

Putamen + Globus Pallidus = ?

A

Lenticular Nucleus

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4
Q

Two parts of the Substantia Nigra?

A

Pars Reticulate

Pars Compacta

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5
Q

Basal Ganglia are highly connected with what other two structures?

A

Cortex and thalamus

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6
Q

How many channels have been identified in the basal ganglia to the cortex circuits

A

4

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7
Q

T or F, Basal Ganglia clearly plays a role in motor control

A

True

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8
Q

Four functional roles of Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Control of eye movements
  2. Cognitive Functions
  3. Emotional Functions
  4. Motor control
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9
Q

Four functions of the Basal Ganglia in the Motor Channel

A

Formulation of general motor plans
Execution of specific motor plans
Scaling of motor intensity
Automatic execution of learned motor plans

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10
Q

Describe the two points to Formulation of general motor plans

A
  1. Determine which general plans are appropriate for movement
  2. Dysfunction of the loop leads to isolated motor acts.
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11
Q

Describe main point behind execution of specific motor plans

A

BG determine how much scaling of motor effort is required for movement

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12
Q

Two points of Scaling of motor intensity

A
  1. Brings about a smooth integration of programmed movement and postures that make up the learned motor acts
  2. Dysfunction of the motor loop results in movement of inappropriate rates, amplitudes and duration
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13
Q

Two points of Automatic execution of learned motor plans

A
  1. Automatization of learned motor acts such as handwriting
  2. Dysfunction means that much more mental effort must be applied during skilled movement, because all learned acts proceed under voluntary guidance.
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14
Q

Main inputs to the basal ganglia?

A

Cortex and Thalamus

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15
Q

Main inputs to basal ganglia are to what structures of the BG

A

Caudate and Putamen

16
Q

Main inputs to BG are excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory (glutamatergic)

17
Q

Main outputs from BG are from what structures

A

Globus Pallidus interna

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

18
Q

Main output pathways from BG are excitatory or inhibitory

A

Inhibitory (GABAergic)

19
Q

Main outputs from BG project to what structures

A

Thalamus
Reticular formation
Superior Colliculus

20
Q

Significant inputs to BG also come from where?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta (dopaminergic)

21
Q

What other neurons in the striatum also play important roles in basal ganglia function

A

Acetylcholinergic neurons

22
Q

Three pathways of BG

A 
Direct Pathway (excitatory)
Indirect Pathway (subthalamic nucleus circuit, Inhibitory)
Substantia nigra circuit
23
Q

Function of Substantia nigra circuit

A

Helps modulate activity of the direct and indirect pathways

24
Q

Result of Direct Pathway

A

Caudate/Putamen disinhibition of the thalamus –>
Increased thalamic excitation of the cortex –>
Increased cortex output

25
Q

The direct pathway will result in what type of function and movement of the three channels?

A

Increased movement in motor channel
Increased cognitive function in prefrontal channel
Increased emotions in limbic channel

26
Q

Result of Indirect Pathway

A

Caudate/Putamen disinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus –>
Leading to globus pallidus interna/substantia nigra pars reticulata inhibition of the thalamus –>
Decreases thalamic excitation of cortex and decreases cortex output

27
Q

Result of Indirect pathway within the motor channel

A

Decreased movement

28
Q

Result of indirect pathway on prefrontal and limbic channels

A

Decreased cognitive function

Decreased emotions

29
Q

Where do axons arising from neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta synapse?

A

on neurons of the direct and indirect pathways of caudate and putamen

30
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the nigrostriatal pathway (substantia nigra to striatum)

A

Dopamine

31
Q

What is the result of the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta circuit

A

Excites caudate/putamen neurons of the direct pathway

Inhibits caudate/putamen neurons of the indirect pathway

32
Q

In what disease does death of neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta occur

A

Parkinson’s disease

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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