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IMAT > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions of the body’s cells that change food into energy

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2
Q

What types of metabolism are there?

A
  • anabolic reactions
  • catabolic reactions
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3
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

A process where small molecules connect to form a bigger molecule with the use of energy.
Synthesis.

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4
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

A process of degradation.
A big molecule breaks down to form smaller molecules with the release of energy.

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5
Q

What is an entropy (S)?

A

The measure of molecules disorder of randomness.
The greater the disorder, the greater the entropy.

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6
Q

Define energy

A

Energy referred to in relative terms: heat energy…

It allows work.
Cannot disappear nor be created from nothing, however it can be transferred.

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7
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

The energy associated with the relative movement of objects.

Kinetic energy of atoms or molecules → thermal energy

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8
Q

Define potential energy

A

All energy of an object that is currently not moving ( not using kinetic energy ).
Gain due to the location or structure of the object

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9
Q

Define chemical energy

A

Term in biology flat refers to the potential energy which is available for release in a chemical reaction

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10
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Known as the principle of energy conservation.
The universe’s energy is constant.
Energy can be transferred or transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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11
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
- the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase or remain constant

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12
Q

What are spontaneous processes?

A

Energetically favorable and occur naturally ( without an input of energy) processes.
- Increase entropy
- Decrease their energy

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13
Q

What are non-spontaneous processes?

A

Energetically unfavorable processes.
Require energy.
- decrease entropy.

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14
Q

Define Gibbs free energy

A

Simply, free energy.
The energy in the system that is the potential or the availability to preform work ( pressure and temperature are constant ).

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15
Q

How can we determine the change in free energy?

A

🔼 G= 🔼 H- T • 🔼 S

🔼 G → change in free energy
🔼 H → change in enthalpy
🔼 S → change in entropy
T → temp. in kelvin (c+273)

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16
Q

Which type of processes has a negative change of free energy?

A

Spontaneous processes(because of the release of energy).

17
Q

Which type of processes has a positive change of free energy?

A

Nou- spontaneous processes ( because of the input of energy).

18
Q

What is an exergenic reaction ?

A

Spontaneous process.
Negative change in free energy.

19
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

Non spontaneous process
Has a positive or zero change in free energy.

20
Q

What happens when there is higher G?

A

Less stability > greater potential ( more energy available) > spontaneous change occurs ( G is negative ) > lower G > more stability > less potential.

21
Q

What is reaction coupling?

A

The use ot an exergonic reaction (flat releases energy ) to power an endergonic reaction (flat consumes energy).

22
Q

What are the three main functions flat cells must preform for survival?

A
  1. Chemical function → the ability to execute endergonic reactions (require investment of energy )
  2. Transport function → active import/export substances against their concentration gradients
  3. Mechanical function → movement of flagella/cilia, muscle contraction..
23
Q

Where do cells obtain their energy from?

A

ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)

24
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Ribose (sugar) bonded to the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of 3 phosphate groups.

25
Q

What happens during hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy

ATP is an unstable molecule.
In hydrolysis, the terminal phosphate bond is broken by the addition of A water molecule and a molecule of inorganic phosphate leaves the ATP which becomes ADP.

26
Q

What is a phosphorylation reaction?

A

the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. Protein phosphorylation often activates (or deactivates) many enzymes.

27
Q

Can ATP be regenerated?

A

Yes!

28
Q

How can ATP be regenerated?

A

During ATP cycle by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP.
ATP synthesis is an endegonic phosphorylation reaction.

29
Q

Why is the ATP synthesis called ATP cycle?

A

Because it couples the exergonic to the endergonic process in the cell.
To synthesis ATP we need to invest energy (ATP).

30
Q

What is typically involved in catabolic pathways of organic molecules?

A

Transfer of electrons from fuel molecules ( glucoses ) to other molecule (redox), this is a process that releases energy.

31
Q

What types of catabolic pathway are there?

A
  1. Aerobic respiration → most efficient, converts chemical energy from organic compounds into ATP & consume oxygen.
  2. Fermentation → in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Without oxygen (anaerobic condition ).
  3. Anaerobic respiration → usually in prokaryotes, oxygen is not consumed and less energy is harvest.
32
Q

What is cellular respiration? (General definition)

A

A metabolic pathway in which chemical energy is harvested from glucose breakdown and stored as ATP.

33
Q

What are the metabolic steps flay breaks down glucose?

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
The citric acid (Krebs cycle)
Oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

What are energy / electron carrier molecules?

A

ATP, NAD, NADP: diffuse throughout the cell and may reach sites where energy is needed to perform different activities

Coenzymes molecules used as storage of energy (in the form of electrons ).
They undergo reversible oxidation and reduction in many of the electron-transfer reactions of metabolism.
NAD+, NADP, FAD

# FAD: bound lightly to an enzyme located in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

35
Q

Define NAD

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

2 nucleotides joined at their phosphate group.
Exist as: NAD + (oxidized), NADH (reduced)

36
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

IMAT (32 decks)

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