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IMAT > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport
protection
regulation

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2
Q

what are the 2 circulations in the cardiovascular system?

A

“pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation both of them together is a circuit.”

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3
Q

what’s a artery?

A

artery carries blood away from the heart

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4
Q

what’s a vein

A

vein carries blood toward the heart

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5
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

left artium, left ventricle, right artium, right ventricle

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6
Q

what kind of tissue is the blood?

A

specialized connective tissue

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7
Q

what are the 3 kinds of blood cells?
all the names

A

RBC - red blood cells - erythrocytes
WBC - white blood cells - leukocytes
platelets - thrombocytes

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8
Q

what is the size of erythrocyte?

A

7-8 um

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9
Q

Do matur mammalian erythrocytes have nuclei and mitochondrias?
why?

A

they lack both.
can not divide and don’t have genetic material and generate atp by fermentation. that leaves more space for Hb and increases the efficiency of oxygen transport.

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10
Q

where are RBCs produced? by what process?

A

in the bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis (in which hematopietic stem cells, HSC, divide. one daughter cell passes through several stages to become RBC).

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11
Q

what is the life span of erythrocyte?

A

short. less than 120 days.

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12
Q

what is the size of leukocytes?

A

6-20 um

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13
Q

what is the main function of WBCs?

A

fight infections from inside and outside the boody.

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14
Q

how many major types of WBCs are there?

A

5

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15
Q

what are lymphocytes? what are their size?

A

6-9 um
it’s a type of WBC responsible for immune responses against foreign substances.

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16
Q

when the body fights infection, do the number of WBC increase or decrease?

A

increase

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17
Q

can erythrocytes and leukocytes be found outside the circulation system?

A

erythrocytes can not.
leukocytes can.

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18
Q

what is the life span of leukocyte?

A

between hours to decades

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19
Q

do leukocytes contain mitochondria and nucleus?

A

yes

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20
Q

what is the size of thrombocytes? do they have organelles?

A

2-3 um
they do not have nucles but have mitochondria, ER, golgi.

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21
Q

what is the main function of platelets?

A

support blood clotting during the process of hemostasis.

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22
Q

why are there granules in thrombocytes?

A

the granules are filled with various chemical substances that help preform their function of blood clotting.

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23
Q

what does coagulation mean?

A

the conversion of the liquid components of blood into solid form - known as blood clot.

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24
Q

how is blood clot created?

A

platelets gather and adhere and release clotting factors. clotting factors activate other platelets and trigger a cascade of reaction leading to the conversation of inactive prothrombin into active enzyme thrombin. then the thrombin converts fibrinogen into non soluble protein fibrin. the fibrin aggregates into a framework and causes the blood clot.

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25
Q

on which vitamin the clotting factors are depend on?

A

vitamin K.

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26
Q

where are platelets produced?

A

in the bone marrow from extremely large cells known as megakaryocytes. megakaryocytes undergo fragmentation that results in the release of platelets.

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27
Q

what is the hormone controlling megakaryocytes development?

A

thrombopoietin - TPO

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28
Q

what is the hormone that stimulates the generation of erythrocytes? and in what mechanism?

A

erythropoietin - EPO - glycoprotein
feedback mechanism - if the O2 level falls, the kidneys synthesize and secrete erythropoietin.

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29
Q

what is anemia?

A

a condition of lower than normal erythrocytes or Hb levels that results in a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

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30
Q

how many Hb does one RBC carry?

A

250 millions

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31
Q

how many oxygen molecule does one Hb carry?

A

4

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32
Q

what are the components of plasma?

A

water 90%
proteins - 8%
ions
waste products
nutrients
gases
hormones

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33
Q

what is albumin?

A

plasma protein that is present in high concentrations.
transports hormones and fatty acids, buffers pH and maintains osmotic pressure between blood and interstitial fluid.

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34
Q

what are fibrinogens?

A

plasma proteins which are clotting factors that help to promote hemostasis.

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35
Q

what’s a gen suffix?

A

in inactive state

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36
Q

what are apolipoproteins

A

plasma proteins that transport lipids.

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37
Q

what is immunoglobulin?

A

known as antibodies. plasma protein that fight pathogens and other foreign substances.

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38
Q

what are the functions of inorganic salts in the plasma?

A

to act as a buffer and to help maintaining osmotic balance.

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39
Q

what is serum?

A

blood plasma without clotting factors.

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40
Q

what does determine the blood type?

A

the proteins found on the surface of the RBCs.

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41
Q

what are antibodies?

A

protective proteins produced by the immune system in respond to the presence of foreign substances.

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42
Q

what is agglutination?

A

clumping. when antibodies bind to antigen. distraction of the RBCs.

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43
Q

what are the 2 main group of the blood (antigens)?

A

ABO type and Rh type

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44
Q

do most people have Rh+ or Rh-?

A

Rh+

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45
Q

what type of antigen does AB type have?

A

both antigen A and antigen B

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46
Q

why can a person with AB blood type can receive blood from everyone?

A

he does not have neither antibodies A nor B

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47
Q

why can a person with O blood type can donate blood to everyone?

A

he does not have neither antigen A nor B

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48
Q

what’s a shortcut to Rh factor?

A

D

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49
Q

what are the three blood vessels?

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

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50
Q

describe a circulation (vessels)

A

left ventricle > aorta > arteries > Arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > venae cavae > right atrium

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51
Q

what are the layers of the blood vessel wall?
arteries, veins and capillaries.

A

capillaries:
endothelium surrounded by basement membrane

arteries and veins inside > outside:
lumen> tunica intima (epithelium) > tunica media > tunica adventitia

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52
Q

what kind is the epithelia layer of the blood vessel wall?

A

single squamous

53
Q

what the tunica media layer of the blood vessel wall is made of? what special about this layer?

A

smooth muscle, collagen fibers, elastic fibers.
arteries and veins can be distinguished by the thickness of this layer relative to the size of the lumen. arteries usually have more elastic fibers in this layer.

54
Q

what the tunica adventitia layer of the blood vessel wall is made of?

A

connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers.

55
Q

where the pressure in the vessels is high and where low?

A

high>low
aorta > arteries > Arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > venae cavae

56
Q

what are the 3 types of arteries (explain)

A

large elastic arteries - the largest . receive cardiac output. contains a large amount of elastic connective tissue in their tunica media.

medium muscular arteries - the walls consist of a lot of smooth muscle in the thick tunica media

small arteries/Arterioles - small. a lot of smooth muscle in the tunica media, narrow lumen.

57
Q

what maintains the blood pressure in the arteries between cardiac contractions?

A

the return of the elastic walls to its original position (large elastic arteries).

58
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

decreasing diameter

59
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

increasing diameter

60
Q

what are the 3 types of veins (explain)

A

large veins - the tunica externa is thick. have wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle.

medium veins - do not have many fibers. has thick tunica externa. many have valves.

venules - the smallest veins. are visible only with magnification. are very permeable. all the layers are thin. they have smooth muscle in their tunica media.

61
Q

what are valves? what do they made of?

A

they permit blood to flow forward the heart and prevent backflow. they are made of folds in the tunica intima. they are found especially in veins that in which the flow of the blood is opposed by the pull of gravity.

62
Q

the movement of the blood through veins (and valves) is passive or active?

A

passive. the valves do not contract.

63
Q

the veins have large/small capacitance?

A

large

64
Q

what is the size of capillaries? what are the 3 types of capillaries(explain) what is the most common?

A

7 um
continuous capillaries - have continuous and unbroken walls with cells that are connected by tight junction. most capillaries!
fenestrated capillaries - continuous wall with pores that increase permeability.
open capillaries (sinusoids) - with large gaps that permit passage of blood cells.

65
Q

explain what do accompanying veins, vascular sheath, arteriovenous pump mean?

A

accompanying veins are veins that accompany deep arteries, surround them in an irregular branching network. the way accompanying veins accompany the artery is called vascular sheath. that results with the veins stretch and flattened as the artery expands during contraction of the heart. this aids in driving venous blood toward the heart and is called the arteriovenous pump.

66
Q

what is capillary bed?

A

dense interweaving network that connects the arterioles and venules.

67
Q

what are anastomoses?

A

junctoin between blood vessels that bypss the capillaries. these may br found between arteries or veins or betweenan artery and a vein.

68
Q

What is the advantage of arterial anastemoses?

A

allow tissue to receive blood even if one artery is blocked.

69
Q

what is arteriovenous anastomoses? what’s a rule of this anastomoses?

A

between artery and vein. also called shunt. it has important rule in conserving body heat.

70
Q

what’s a portal venous system?

A

a venous system linking 2 capillary beds. it is used to transport nutrient-rich blood from a capillary bed of digestive tract to capillary bed of the liver.

71
Q

what’s a superior vena cava?

A

vein from the superior body (head)

72
Q

what’s a inferior vena cava?

A

vein from the inferior body.

73
Q

what’s a coronary circulation?

A

the blood vessels that supply O2 and nutrients to the heart (mainly the myocardium).

74
Q

what’s a coronary sinus?

A

It’s a major player in the heart’s circulatory system, draining deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium.

75
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

the cavity between the lungs.

76
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart.

77
Q

what is the apex of heart?

A

The apex of the heart is the lowest point, also referred to as the tip, that faces downward, forward, and slightly to the left.

78
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium (outermost layer):This thin outer layer is also known as visceral pericardium because it fuses with the inner layer of the pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart. The epicardium is made up of connective tissue, fatty tissue, and blood vessels that nourish the heart muscle.

Myocardium (middle layer):This is the thickest and most muscular layer of the heart wall. It’s composed of cardiac muscle tissue, responsible for the heart’s pumping action, and Purkinje fibers that conduct nerve impulses.

Endocardium (innermost layer): This thin layer of endothelial cells lines the inner chambers of the heart and the heart valves. It provides a smooth surface for blood to flow through and helps prevent blood clots from forming.

79
Q

where the walls are thicker - atria or ventricle? what does it mean?

A

ventricles. they contract much more forcefully.

80
Q

what’s a systole?

A

the contraction phase (usually talking about the ventricles)

81
Q

what’s a diastole?

A

the relaxation phase (usually talking about the ventricles)

82
Q

what is the interatrial septum?

A

aka atrial septum. separates the right atria and left atria.

83
Q

what is the interventricular septum?

A

aka IVS. separates the right ventricle and left ventricle.

84
Q

define heart valves (how many, function, how is built)

A

flap-like structures that allow blood to flow in one direction.
they are made of connective tissue and endocardium.

function:
Directional flow: These valves ensure blood travels in the correct direction through the heart’s four chambers.
Preventing backflow: By opening and closing precisely, the valves prevent blood from flowing backward within the heart.

there are 4 main heart valves:
Tricuspid valve, Pulmonary valve, Mitral valve, Aortic valve.

85
Q

define Tricuspid valve

A

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, this valve has three flaps (tricuspid means three-cusped).

86
Q

define Pulmonary valve

A

This valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery, the vessel carrying blood to the lungs for oxygenation. It also typically has three flaps.

87
Q

define Mitral valve

A

(bicuspid valve)
Found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, this valve has two flaps.

88
Q

define Aortic valve

A

This valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta, the major artery carrying oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. It usually has three flaps.

89
Q

what are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic valve (left) and Pulmonary valve (right)

90
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Mitral valve (left) and Tricuspid valve (right)

91
Q

define chordae tendineae.

A

The chordae tendineae are thin, strong, and inelastic cords made of fibrous connective tissue. the chordae tendineae are connecting anchoring the edges of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) to the papillary muscles within the ventricles. This anchoring mechanism maintains valve shape and prevents backflow.

92
Q

define papillary muscles (and how many)

A

Papillary muscles are small, muscular ridges or projections located on the inner walls of the heart’s ventricles. They play a crucial role in ensuring the proper function of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral valves).
they contract and closing the AV valves during ventricular systole.
there are 5 muscles - 2 in the left, 3 in the right).

93
Q

define coronary sinus

A

drains blood from the heart muscle.

94
Q

where in body a cardiac muscle can be found?

A

only in the heart (mostly myocardium)

95
Q

what are the cells in cardiac muscle? how does the tissue look like?

A

cardiomyocytes.
it has a stiated banding pattern.

96
Q

define myoglobin. who has higher affinity to oxygen? Hb or Mb?

A

an oxygen binding protein that bind one molecule of O2 on its hemoprotein group.
Mb has higher affinity to oxygen.

97
Q

what are the intercalated discs?

A

The intercalated discs are specialized structures found in the heart that act like communication junctions between cardiac muscle cells. They are essential for the coordinated contraction of the heart muscle, allowing it to function as a unified pump. the main junctions: Gap junctions and Desmosomes.

98
Q

define myogenic

A

it can cantract without any innervation

99
Q

what are autorhythmic cells?

A

cells that can generate action potentiala without external stimulation by nerve cells. it is the pacemaker of the heart and initiates the cardiac cycle.

100
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA cells

101
Q

define SA node (function, location)

A

The SA node, also known as the sinoatrial node or sinus node acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker, setting the rhythm and rate of the heartbeat.
The SA node is a small, oval-shaped region of specialized cardiac muscle cells situated in the upper right wall of the right atrium, near the opening of the superior vena cava.

102
Q

what’s the rate of the SA node impulses? what regulates that?

A

100 times per minute.
the parasympathetic nervous system decreases it to 60-70

103
Q

define AV node (function, location)
what is its inherent rate?

A

The AV node, also known as the atrioventricular node, acts like a gatekeeper, regulating the flow of electrical impulses between the upper chambers (atria) and the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
Location: The AV node is a compact, oval-shaped collection of specialized cardiac muscle cells located in the lower back wall of the right atrium, near the opening of the coronary sinus (the vein draining blood from the heart muscle itself).
its inherent rate is 40-60.

104
Q

what is the delay in electrical transmission in the AV?

A

0.1s
The AV node acts as a gatekeeper, slowing down the electrical impulse received from the SA node before it travels to the ventricles. This delay serves two important purposes:
Filling time for ventricles: The delay allows the atria to fully contract and fill the ventricles with blood before ventricular contraction begins. This ensures efficient blood flow within the heart.

105
Q

define AV bundle

A

The AV bundle, also known as the bundle of His, is a specialized pathway of conducting fibers that carries electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles of the heart. It serves as a critical link in the heart’s electrical conduction system, ensuring synchronized contraction of the ventricles for efficient blood pumping.

106
Q

define purkinje fibers

A

Purkinje are large diameter fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers within the ventricles’ walls of the heart. They play a vital role in the final leg of the heart’s electrical conduction system. it conducts the potential from the septum down to the apex and then the ventricles.

107
Q

define plateau

A

Plateau refers to a phase in the electrical activity of heart muscle cells. During the plateau phase, the voltage across the cell membrane remains constant. This allows for sustained calcium influx, crucial for strong and prolonged heart muscle contraction.

108
Q

what is happening during P wave?

A

depolarization or atria. respond of the muscles of the atria (contracting) to the SA node.

109
Q

what is happening during QRS complex?

A

depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular conraction or systole) that is triggered by signals from the AV node.

110
Q

what is happening during T wave?

A

repolarization of the ventricles (ventricular diastole/ relaxation).

111
Q

in rest, how much blood pumps in a minute?

A

5L

112
Q

define cardiac output and explain how to calculate it.

A

the voulme of the blood pumped from each ventricle per minute.
cardiac output = stroke volume (70-80) * heart rate (70)

113
Q

define stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction.

114
Q

define interstital fluid.
what’s the difference between interstital fluid and plasma?

A

Interstitial fluid (also known as tissue fluid) is the fluid that fills the spaces between cells throughout your body. It acts as a watery highway, delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells and carrying away waste products.
they are almost identical but plasma has a higher concentration of proteins compared to interstitial fluid.

115
Q

what are hydrostatic and oncotic pressures?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure are two opposing forces that play a crucial role in the movement of fluids between blood vessels and the surrounding tissues.
hydrostatic - increases filtration of fluid out of capillaries particularly at their artrial ends. the fluid leaves the capillary and enters the interstital tissue component.
oncotic - interstital comparment into vessels via the process of osmosis. this is particulary in evidence at the venous end of the capillary bed.
morefluid flows OUT than into the capillaries - LOSS of fluid.

116
Q

what’s blood pressure? explain how to calculate it.

A

a measurement of the force applied to the artery walls by circulation blood.
BP = cardiac output*systemic vescular resistance (SVR).

117
Q

where is BP the lowest?

A

in the vena cava

118
Q

where in the biggest drop in BP? why?

A

in the arterioles. because they provide the highest resistance to blood flow.

119
Q

why pressure drops in the capillaries?

A
  1. resistance in the blood flow
  2. filtration of fluid out the capillaries.
120
Q

what are musculr pumps and why they are used?

A

contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding the veins in order to squeeze the veins and forcing the blood to move forward.
thay are used in veins in which the BP is very low.

121
Q

what is respiratory pump?

A

during inhaling the pressure in the abdominal region increases while pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases - and that causes the blood to flow forward the heart (to lower pressure).

122
Q

how to calculate resistance?

A

R=chang in Pressure/Q(flow)

123
Q

what are the factors influennce resistance in BP?

A
  1. blood viscosity - viscosity increases=resistance increases
  2. vessel length - length increases=resistance increases
    3.vessel radius - radius increases=resistance decreases
124
Q

what the normal BP in:
RA
RV
pulmonary artery
LA
LV
aorta

A

0-4
25/4
25/10
8-10
120/10
120/80

125
Q

what do effect the BP?

A

cardiac output - stroke volum, heart rate (hormones, nerves)
resistance - radius, viscosity, length.

126
Q

define vasomotor nerves

A

sympathetic motor neurons that innervate smooth muscles in arterioles throughout the body to maintain vasomotor tone.

127
Q

what mechanisms are regulating BP?

A

להוסיף

128
Q

what are the substances the influence BP?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine - hormone secreted ny the adrenal gland. increasng heart rate and and BP.
antidiureic hormone (ADH) - by the hypottalamus - stimulates the kidney to retain H2O and raising BP.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - hormone secreted by the atria stimulates the kidney to excrete H2O and lowering BP.
nitric oxide (NO) - secreted by endothelial cells - promotes vasodilation.
nicotine - raises BP
alchohol - lowers BP

IMAT (32 decks)

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