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SBI4UN 2023-2024 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

glycolysis, krebs, anaerobic pathways

1
Q

what happens if we dont have o2 during cell respiration?

A

no final e acceptor in the etc –> etc will eventually shut down (aerobic respirtaion) –> NADH cannot be oxidized –> no NAD+ for glycolysis –> cell respiration SHUTS down

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2
Q

what is the purpose of fermentation

A

keep glycolysis going without o2 by allowing e- to leave NADH to create NAD+ that will then oxidize G3P in glycolysis

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3
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

reduce PYRUVATE by taking e- from NADH
- creates LACTIC ACID and NAD+

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4
Q

what does build up of lactic acid cause

A
  • blood pH drops (co2 isn’t leaving (decarboxylation never occurs))
  • ATP deficit: burning/cramping of overworked muscles
  • Rigor mortis in dead tissue due to denaturation of proteins from lactic acid buildup
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5
Q

where is lactic acid flushed out to

A

flushed out of muscle into blood where its converted into pyruvate in the liver (cori cycle)

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6
Q

how is yogurt produced anaerobically

A

anaerobic bacteria produces lactic acid that denatures the protein in the milk after breaking the lactose down into glucose and galactose

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7
Q

which creatures use lactic acid fermentation

A

humans and mammals

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8
Q

why dont animals preform ethanol fermentation

A

they would get drunk

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9
Q

how does yeast use anaerobic pathways

A

yeast removes the COOH from pyruvate cresting acetaldehyde and then oxidizes NADH producing ethenol
- COOH exits as CO2
- this is the bubbles in bread

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10
Q

ethanol fermentation

A
  • done by several species of bacteria/yeast
  • PYRUVATE decarboxylates and becomes ACETYLADEHYDE
  • reducing ACETYLADEHYDE results in ETHANOL and NAD+
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11
Q

why do lipids have more energy than carbs

A

lipids have many fatty acids that break down into acetyl-coA (used in krebs)

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12
Q

how do we get ATP from proteins

A

hydrolysis of peptide bond -> one a.a is cleaved off -> deamination (removing nh2) -> alpha-ketoacids produced –> enter krebs at various points depending on r-group

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13
Q

What is glycolysis

A

turning 6C sugar into two 3C sugars
(glucose —> pyruvate)

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14
Q

how many steps are in glycolysis

A

10, split into 2
steps 1-5: energy investment
steps 6-10: energy harvest

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15
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol in ALL cells

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16
Q

what is step 1 of glycolysis

A

comitting glucose
- by attaching a PO4 from ATP, glucose is prevented from diffusing out

C6H11O6 + ATP —> G6P + ADP

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17
Q

what does G6P stand for

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate

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18
Q

step 2 glycolysis

A

G6P –> F6P
- isomers of each other
- aldose –> ketose
- if fructose directly consumed, step 1 is skipped and it enters glycolysis here

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19
Q

what does F6P stand for

A

Fructose 6-phosphateq

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20
Q

step 3 glycolysis

A

F6P + ATP –> F-1, 6- BP
- adding -PO4 to F6P

21
Q

F-1, 6-BP

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

22
Q

step 4 glycolysis

A

F-1, 6-BP –> G3P + DHAP
- 6C –> 3C + 3C
- DHAP cannot be used

23
Q

G3P

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

24
Q

step 5 glycolysis

A

DHAP –> G3P
- isomers
- turning into something usable
- now we have TWO G3P, everything following will happen TWICE (products DOUBLE)

25
Q

summarize the events that occur in energy investment

A
  • 2 ATP used
  • 1 ADP made
  • 2 G3P made
26
Q

step 6 glycolysis

A

G3P + PO4 + NAD+ –> 1,3 - BPG + NADH
- oxidizing G3P, moving the electron to NAD+, becoming NADH
- adding-PO4 to G3P

27
Q

1,3 - BPG stands for…

A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

28
Q

step 7 glycolysis

A

1,3 - BPG + ADP –> 3 - PG
- substrate level phosphorylation

29
Q

step 8/9 glycolysis

A
  1. 3- PG –> 2-PG
  2. 2-PG –> PEP
    - moving PO4 over
    - phosphorylation
30
Q

3-PG stands for….

A

3-Phosphoglyceric acid

31
Q

2-PG stands for..

A

2-Phosphoglyceric acid

32
Q

PEP stands for…

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

33
Q

step 10 glycolysis

A

PEP + ADP –> ATP + Pyruvate

34
Q

what are the results of energy harvest

A
  • 2 NADH made
  • 4 ATP made
  • 3 ADP used
  • 2 Pyruvate
35
Q

what are the results of GLYCOLYSIS

A
  • NET gain of 2 ATP
  • net loss of 3 ADP
  • 2 Pyruvate made
  • 2 NADH made
36
Q

where does krebs cycle take place

A

matrix

37
Q

where is the matrix located

A

the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

38
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A
  • occurs from cytosol to matrix
  • pyruvate goes through decarboxylation (loses a CO2)
  • pyruvate oxidized = NAD+ reduced = NADH
  • CoEnzyme A added to pyruvate to lead into matrix
  • 3C –> 2C
  • becomes Acetyl-CoA
39
Q

step 1 krebs

A

Acetyl-CoA adds its 2C to OXALOACETATE (4C) creating CITRATE (6C)

40
Q

step 2 krebs

A
  • ACONITATE made as a short-term intermediate as H2O shuffles around
    CITRATE (6C) –> ISOCITRATE (6C) thru the removal and addition of H2O
41
Q

step 3 krebs

A

oxidation and de-carboxylation
- ISOCITRATE is oxidized =NAD+ reduced –> NADH
- carboxyl group and exits as CO2
- 6C (ISOCITRATE ) –> 5C (ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE)

42
Q

step 4 krebs

A

5C (ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE) –> 4C (SUCCINYL-COA)
- ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE is decarboxylated, releasing CO2
- also oxidized = NAD+ reduced = NADH created
- coA added again

43
Q

step 5 krebs

A

4C (SUCCINYL-COA) –> 4C (SUCCINATE)
- CoA replaced by -PO4
- PO4 passed to GDP –> GTP –> ATP

44
Q

step 6 krebs

A

oxidation
- SUCCINATE (4C) is OXIDIZED = FAD+ reduced = FADH2 created
- 4C (SUCCINATE) –> 4C (FUMERATE)

45
Q

step 7 krebs

A

FUMERATE (4C) –> MALATE (4C)
- water added

46
Q

step 8

A

oxidation
- MALATE is oxidized = NAD+ reduced = NADH formed
- MALATE becomes OXALOACETATE which can regenerate krebs cycle

47
Q

what would happen if oxaloacetate didnt regenerate in step 8?

A
  • krebs cycle would eventually stop because you need oxaloacetate for acetyl-coA to attach to and begin the process
  • when krebs eventually stops, cell can no longer rely on aerobic respiration to make ATP and would have to go to anaerobic
48
Q

summarize the end results of krebs for each pyruvate

A
  • 4 NADH made
  • 1 FADH2 made
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 CO2
49
Q

summarize the end results of krebs for each glucose

A
  • 8 NADH made
  • 2 FADH2 made
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 CO2

SBI4UN 2023-2024 (16 decks)

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