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Honors Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

When you eat food how do you get energy

A

by breaking that food down into simpler molecules

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2
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

A complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

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3
Q

what type of “trophs” use cellular respiration

A

autotrophs and heterotrophs

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4
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration

A

the reactants of photosynthesis (CO2 and H2O)

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of Cellular respiration

A

-Glycolosis
-Krebs Cycle
-Electron Transport Chain

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6
Q

What is the main focus of cellular respiration

A

to get ATP

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7
Q

ATP

A

the universal energy currency in the cell

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8
Q

how many phosphate groups are attached to ATP

A

3

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9
Q

How does ATP become ADP

A

when it releases a phosphate group it releases energy and becomes ADP.

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10
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur

A

glycolosis is in the cytosol and the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria

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11
Q

Glycolosis

A

-a process where one 6-carbon molecule (glucose) is oxidized to create two-3 carbon molecules
-A series of chemical reactions that are caused by specific enzymes
-takes place in the cytosol

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12
Q

Glycolosis Steps

A
  1. two phosphate groups from 2 ATP are attached to glucose forming a new 6-carbon molecule
    2.The 6-carbon compound is split into into two 3-carbon molecules called G3P
  2. Each G3P gets a phosphate added. 2 molecules of NAD+ (electron acceptor) become NADH
  3. The phosphate groups are removed creating 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
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13
Q

What happens to the phosphates that were removed during glycolysis

A

The four phosphates combine with 4 ADP to make 4 total ATP

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14
Q

What is the net ATP for glycolysis

A

4 ATP were made but 2 of these were used up so the net ATP is 2 ATP

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15
Q

What is the glycolysis net

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid + H2O, 2 NADPH+ 2H+

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16
Q

What happens when the pyruvic acid goes into the mitochondrial matrix

A

it reacts with an enzyme called coenzyme A to create a two carbon molecule called acetyl CoA.

17
Q

What is the Krebs cycle

A

the krebs cycle is a biochemical pathway that breaks down a acetyl CoA producing CO2, ATP and hydrogen atoms

18
Q

Steps of the Krebs Cycle

A
  1. Two carbon acetyl combine with four-carbon oxaloacetic acid to create a 6 carbon compound called citric acid
  2. Citric acid releases CO2 and a hydrogen atom to form a five-carbon compound.
    3.The 5 carbon compound releases CO2 and and a four-carbon compound is formed. ATP is synthesized from ADP.
  3. This four carbon compound releases a hydrogen atom and reduces a FAD+ (electron acceptor) to FADH2
  4. The new carbon molecule releases a hydrogen atom to regenerate the oxaloacetic acid and keep the cycle going. NAD+ is again reduced to NADH.
19
Q

How many pyruvic acids are used in 1 kreb cycle

A

1 pyruvic acid. Glucose has 2 pyruvic acids so 1 glucose requires 2 cycles.

20
Q

what is the pattern of the kreb cycle

A

6,5,4, add two (carbon)

21
Q

What does 1 glucose produce in the kreb cycle

A

-Four CO2 which difuse out of the cell as waste
-2 ATP
-Hydrogen atoms that are used for 6NADH and 2FADH. (these molecules are used in the next step of aerobic respiration).

22
Q

what is the electron transport chain also know as

A

aerobic respiration and ETC

23
Q

What does the electron transport chain do

A

uses chemiosmosis with the help of NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP

24
Q

Where are the ETC and ATP synthase (which makes ATP) located

A

They are embedded in the inner membrane folds of the mitochondria called the cristae
**in prokaryotes the ETC is in the cell membrane

25
Q

What are the steps to make ATP

A
  1. The electrons of NADH and FADH donate their electrons to the molecules in the ETC. In addition to the electrons the molecules give up H+ ions (protons)
  2. They are passed down the ETC from molecule to molecule losing energy along the way
  3. The energy lost from their electrons is used to pump H+ concentration on the inner membrane rather than the outer. This also creates an electrical gradient.
  4. The concentration gradient is used to synthesis ATP using chemiosmosis. This is the same way ATP was made in photosynthesis. (during this process protons move through the ATP synthase molecule and help build ATP from ADP molecules.)
    5.Oxygen, the final electron acceptor, is used to unload the protons and form water.
26
Q

What would happen to the ETC if there was no oxygen

A

The ETC would stop and so would the ATP synthase.

27
Q

what does aerobic mean in aerobic respiration

A

with oxygen

28
Q

In a perfect world how many ATP are created during aerobic respiration

A

38ATP

29
Q

what does ATP allow your cells to do

A

carry out almost all processes

30
Q

How do you make ATP when there is no oxygen

A

fermentaion

31
Q

what is fermentaion

A

the breakdown of carbodhydrates without oxygen

32
Q

what are the 2 fermentaion pathways we are focusing on

A

-lactic acid
-ethyl alcohol

33
Q

What happens in Lactic acid fermentaion

A
  • Glycolysis still occurs and produces pyruvic acid
    -pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
34
Q

How many ATP are made during lactic acid fermentaion

A

2ATP instead of 38. This is why you eventually slow down while sprinting.

35
Q

What is the effect of lactic acid on your muscles

A

causes a temporary burning sensation in your muscles. Muscle movement slows and eventually stops due to lack of ATP

36
Q

Ethyl Alcohol fermentation is also known as

A

alcoholic fermentaion

37
Q

what happens in ethyl alcohol fermentaion

A

pyruvic acid is converted in ethyl alcohol

38
Q

What is produced in ethyl alcohol fermentation

A

CO2 and ethyl alcohol

39
Q

What is special that is used in ethyl alcohol

A

yeast

Honors Biology (9 decks)

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