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Honors Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First to observe cells

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2
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

First to observe living cells

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3
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

First to state plants are made of cells

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4
Q

Theodore Schwann

A

animal tissues are made of cells

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5
Q

Cell theory

A

the foundation of cell biology, follows 3 principles

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6
Q

Cell theory principle 1

A

All organisims are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occus within these cells

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7
Q

Cell theory principle 2

A

Cells are the small units of living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms

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8
Q

Cell theory principle 3

A

Cells arise only bu division of pre-exisiting cells

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9
Q

Why do cells need to be small

A

for the purposes of diffusion of materials into and out of the cell across the cell membrane

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10
Q

The cell membrane surface area to volume ratio

A

limits how large a cell can be in order to be able to perform metabolic function

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11
Q

What happens to the volume of the cell as the cell gets larger

A

as a cell gets larger the volume of the cell increases at a faster rate than the surface area

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12
Q

If the cells radius increases 10 times how much will the volume increase by

A

the volume will increase by 100 times

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13
Q

What does a cells shape reflect

A

the different functions of cells

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14
Q

Each cell shape has evolved to

A

allow the cell to effectively perform its job

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15
Q

Nerve cell

A

has long extensions that reach out in various directions for sending and receiving nerve impulses

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16
Q

skin cell

A

a flat platelike cells that protect the surface of the body

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17
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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18
Q

Example of a prokaryote

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

Where is DNA is prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes do have DNA that is often concentratd in the region of the cell called the nucleoid

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20
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms made up of one or more cells, they have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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21
Q

Example of a Eukaryote

A

humans

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22
Q

Organelle

A

(tiny organ) a well defined intracellular body that performs specific functions for the cell

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the region of the cell inside of the cell membrane. It includes fluid, the cytoskeleton and all organelles except the nucleus

24
Q

cytosol

A

includes all of the fluid, small particles, ribosomes but not the organelles

25
Q

Cell Membrane

A

covers the cell surface and acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. All materials enter and exit through the cell membrane

26
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

the phospholipid bilayer behaves more like a liquid than a solid

27
Q

Cell wall

A

a rigid layer that lies outside of the cell membrane

28
Q

what is the cell wall made of

A

cellulose

29
Q

What do pores in the cell wall allow

A

water, ions, and other molecules to enter and exit the cell

30
Q

Nucleus

A

controls most functions in eukaryotic cells. Stores the genetic information (DNA)

31
Q

Chromatin

A

thread like DNA that is not condensed

32
Q

Chromosome

A

condensed DNA that is organized around a protein called a histone

33
Q

Nucleolus

A

A dense DNA region of the nucleus where the rRNA is made

34
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

a system of membranous tubes and sacs called cisternae. It acts as an intacellular highway that transports molecules from one part of the cell to another. Two types Smooth and Rough.

35
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes attached. Responsible for producing phospholipids and proteins. These molecules are exported from the cell or inserted into the cell membrane.

36
Q

Smooth ER

A

Does not have ribosomes. Looks smooth. Responsible for building lipids like cholesterol

37
Q

What are somethings Smooth ER does

A

-Releases calcium in the heart to stimulate contraction (cardiac cells)
-Produces estrogen and testosterone (ovary and testes cells)
-Detoxifies drugs (liver cells)
-Long term abuse can cause your body to produce more smooth ER leading to drug tolerance

38
Q

Are the smooth and rough ER interconnected

A

yes

39
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-A system of flattened, membranous sacs
-receives packages (vesicles) from the ER. They modify the new proteins and lipids. They direct them to various places in the cell

40
Q

Vesicle

A

-A small spherical sac that is surrounded by a membrane
-They often merge with the cell membrane and release contents out of the cell

41
Q

Types of Vesicles

A

-Lysosome- digestive enzymes
-Peroxisom- detoxify and neutralize (think peroxide)
-Glyoxysomes- breaks down fats
-Endosomes- engulfed material being brought into the cell

42
Q

Ribosome

A

-Small spherical organelles that are responsible for building protein molecules
-They do not have a membrane
-Some ribosomes are free in the cytosol, others are attached to the Rough ER

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of thin-tubes and filiaments that crisscrosses the cytosol

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

-Creates ATP (Cell energy) using organic molecules (glucose)

45
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate is the universal energy molecule within the cell

46
Q

What is unique about the Mitochondria

A

they have their own DNA and can reproduce by dividing. Scientists think the mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells

47
Q

Chloroplast

A

-Found in plants and algae
-Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
-Contain their own DNA and are thought the descent from ancient prokaryotes
-Contain chlorophyll (a pigment that gives plants their green color, helps plants create their own food through photosynthesis)

48
Q

Central Vacuole

A

-only in plants
-Large fluid filled organelle that stores not only water but also enzymes, waste and other materials
-Since plants cannot move to their source of food this structure allows them to survive longer periods without water

49
Q

Unicellular

A

one celled organism

50
Q

Multicellular

A

many celled organism

51
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with the same structure and function

52
Q

Over time cells began to form groups that functioned together to create —

A

multicellular organisms

53
Q

Cilia

A

tiny little hair like structures

54
Q

Flagella

A

whip like tail

55
Q

Pseudopodia

A

(False foot)
extension of the cytoplasm

Honors Biology (9 decks)

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