Cellular Pathology

Question 1

What is cell?

Answer 1

Living, more or less self sufficient entities that may form more complex structures. Cells are surrounded by membrane

Question 2

Describe the organisation at 4 different levels?

Answer 2

Tissue structure
Cellular structure
Sub cellular structure
Histochemical structure

Question 3

What is tissue?

Answer 3

More complex structures. Interwoven masses of cells and extra cellular material

Question 4

What is histology?

Answer 4

Study of more complex structures

Question 5

What is histopathology?

Answer 5

Study to tissues affected by disease

Useful in making a diagnosis and in determining severity and progression of disease

Question 6

Describe the structure of epithelial cells?

Answer 6

Is made up of cells arranged in continuous sheet with one or more layers; has apical and basal surfaces
Basement membrane separates epithelial layer from underlying connective tissue

Question 7

What are 2 types of epithelial tissues?

Answer 7

Covering and lining epithelia
Glandular epithelium (endocrine and exocrine)

Question 8

How many layers does simple epithelium have?

Answer 8

One cell layer

Question 9

How many cell layers does stratified epithelium have?

Answer 9

2 or more cell layers

Question 10

Describe the structure of pseudostratified epithelium?

Answer 10

Cells are all anchored to basement membrane but not all cells reach apical surface

Question 11

What are the different shapes of top layer of cells?

Answer 11

Cuboidal, columnar,squamous

Question 12

What are two main groups of connective tissue?

Answer 12

Connective tissue proper

Specialised connective tissue

Question 13

What does connective tissue contain?

Answer 13

Many different cell types including fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes
Connective tissue matrix made of 2 materials which are ground substance (proteins + polysaccharide) and fibres (reticular, collagen and elastic)

Question 14

What is loose connective tissue?

Describe the structure

Answer 14

Fibres and many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin and surrounding blood vessels, nerves and organs
Network of fibres and different type of cells.
Not in organised manner and there is some empty space

Question 15

What is dense connective tissue?

Describe the structure

Answer 15

Bundles of parallel collagen fibres and fibroblasts, found in tendons and ligaments
No space, nucleus of mainly fibroblast cells are flat

Question 16

What are two main components of cartilage?

Answer 16

Collagen and elastin fibres embedded in matrix of glycoproteins
Cells called chondrocytes

Question 17

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 17

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage

Question 18

What is hyaline cartilage ?

Answer 18

Weakest, most abundant type. Found at end of long bonds and structures like ear and nose

Question 19

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 19

Maintains shape, branching elastic fibres distinguish it from hyaline

Question 20

What is fibrous cartilage?

Answer 20

Strongest type
Has dense collagen and little matrix
Found in pelvis, skull and vertebral discs

Question 21

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle?

Answer 21

Voluntary, striated, striations perpendicular to muscle fibres and it is mainly found attached to bones. Organised in myofibres with nuclei peripherally located. Forms a lined up banding pattern from one cell to another when observed longitudinally

Question 22

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 22

Involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs. Cells smaller than skeletal muscle with nuclei centrally located

Question 23

Describe the structure of smooth muscle?

Answer 23

Involuntary, non striated, spindle shaped and is found in blood vessels and GI tract. Cells vary in size and have a fusiform shape. Nuclei observed in different positions

Question 24

What are 2 main functional cell types in nerve tissue?

Answer 24

Neurons

Neuroganglia

Question 25

What are 3 different types of neurones?

Answer 25

Motor neurone
Interneuron
Sensory neurone

Question 26

What is neuroganglia?

Answer 26

Collection of different cell types with supportive role

Is made up of Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells + microglia in CNS + Schwann cells + satellite cells in PNS

Question 27

What are 3 primary cell layers that form embryo?

Answer 27

Ectoderm= develops into nervous tissue and epithelial tissues 
Mesoderm= develops into epithelial tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue 
Endoderm= develops into epithelial tissue