Cellular Pathology Flashcards
What is cell?
Living, more or less self sufficient entities that may form more complex structures. Cells are surrounded by membrane
Describe the organisation at 4 different levels?
Tissue structure
Cellular structure
Sub cellular structure
Histochemical structure
What is tissue?
More complex structures. Interwoven masses of cells and extra cellular material
What is histology?
Study of more complex structures
What is histopathology?
Study to tissues affected by disease
Useful in making a diagnosis and in determining severity and progression of disease
Describe the structure of epithelial cells?
Is made up of cells arranged in continuous sheet with one or more layers; has apical and basal surfaces
Basement membrane separates epithelial layer from underlying connective tissue
What are 2 types of epithelial tissues?
Covering and lining epithelia Glandular epithelium (endocrine and exocrine)
How many layers does simple epithelium have?
One cell layer
How many cell layers does stratified epithelium have?
2 or more cell layers
Describe the structure of pseudostratified epithelium?
Cells are all anchored to basement membrane but not all cells reach apical surface
What are the different shapes of top layer of cells?
Cuboidal, columnar,squamous
What are two main groups of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper
Specialised connective tissue
What does connective tissue contain?
Many different cell types including fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes
Connective tissue matrix made of 2 materials which are ground substance (proteins + polysaccharide) and fibres (reticular, collagen and elastic)
What is loose connective tissue?
Describe the structure
Fibres and many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin and surrounding blood vessels, nerves and organs
Network of fibres and different type of cells.
Not in organised manner and there is some empty space
What is dense connective tissue?
Describe the structure
Bundles of parallel collagen fibres and fibroblasts, found in tendons and ligaments
No space, nucleus of mainly fibroblast cells are flat
What are two main components of cartilage?
Collagen and elastin fibres embedded in matrix of glycoproteins
Cells called chondrocytes
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage
What is hyaline cartilage ?
Weakest, most abundant type. Found at end of long bonds and structures like ear and nose
What is elastic cartilage?
Maintains shape, branching elastic fibres distinguish it from hyaline
What is fibrous cartilage?
Strongest type
Has dense collagen and little matrix
Found in pelvis, skull and vertebral discs
Describe the structure of skeletal muscle?
Voluntary, striated, striations perpendicular to muscle fibres and it is mainly found attached to bones. Organised in myofibres with nuclei peripherally located. Forms a lined up banding pattern from one cell to another when observed longitudinally
Describe the structure of cardiac muscle tissue?
Involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs. Cells smaller than skeletal muscle with nuclei centrally located
Describe the structure of smooth muscle?
Involuntary, non striated, spindle shaped and is found in blood vessels and GI tract. Cells vary in size and have a fusiform shape. Nuclei observed in different positions
What are 2 main functional cell types in nerve tissue?
Neurons
Neuroganglia
What are 3 different types of neurones?
Motor neurone
Interneuron
Sensory neurone
What is neuroganglia?
Collection of different cell types with supportive role
Is made up of Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells + microglia in CNS + Schwann cells + satellite cells in PNS
What are 3 primary cell layers that form embryo?
Ectoderm= develops into nervous tissue and epithelial tissues Mesoderm= develops into epithelial tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue Endoderm= develops into epithelial tissue
