Cellular Pathology 01

Question 1

etiology

Answer 1

is the cause of a disease. Like an infection or a genetic component

Question 2

pathogenesis

Answer 2

is the progression of the disease

Question 3

clinical manifestations are

Answer 3

signs and symptoms

Question 4

the father of modern pathology is

Answer 4

Rudolf Virchow, he observed that only certain cells of an organism are affected by a disease while other cells are alright.

Question 5

Rudolf promoted physicians to

Answer 5

• use microscopes to understand diseases
• do research activity and animal experimentation
• make systematic clinical observations

Question 6

adaptations

Answer 6

are reversible functional and structural changes due to stress/change in environment

Question 7

what are the 4 kinds of adaptations

Answer 7

• hypertrophy
• hyperplasia
• atrophy
• metaplasia

Question 8

displasia

Answer 8

is an abnormal growth that is not considered an adaptation as it has a genetic mishap

Question 9

hypertrophy

Answer 9

increase in size of cells and functional activity. NO new cells.

Question 10

hyperplasia

Answer 10

increase in cell #, only in tissues capable of dividing

Question 11

atrophy

Answer 11

decrease in size of cells and metabolic activity

Question 12

metaplasia

Answer 12

change in phenotype of cells

Question 13

adaptive responses are triggered by what 3 things

Answer 13

• altered demand
• altered stimulation
  altered nutrition

Question 14

labile cells

Answer 14

are continuously cycling cells, such as those in the epidermis and in the GI tract epithelium

Question 15

hypertrophy and hyperplasia may

Answer 15

coexist

Question 16

how does hypertrophy occur

Answer 16

due to an increased protein synthesis leading to an increase in cell size thus an increase in organ size.

Question 17

mechanisms of hyperplasia are

Answer 17

• growth factor driven mature cells

- proliferation of tissue stem cells

Question 18

mechanisms of atrophy are

Answer 18

• decreased protein synthesic for reduced metabolic activity
• increased protein degradation by ubiquitin proteasome pathway
• increased autophagy

Question 19

mechanism of metaplasia

Answer 19

reprogramming of epithelial stem cells which are in CT

- signals by cytokines, GF, ECM

Question 20

the changes in tissue of the uterus during pregnancy are

Answer 20

normal hypertrophy

Question 21

pathological hyperplasia

Answer 21

can be endometrial hyperplasia, or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Question 22

causes of pathological atrophy

Answer 22

• decrease work load
• loss of innervation
• diminished blood supply
• inadequate nutrition
• loss of endocrine stimulation
• pressure