cellular adaptation & cell injury

Question 1

define atrophy

Answer 1

reduce in cell size and organ size due to reduce in workload

Question 2

example of decrease workload

Answer 2

bone fracture
bed rest
atrophy skeletal muscle

Question 3

cause of hypertrophy

Answer 3

1. physiologic
   - increase in workload
   - increase hormone stimulation
2. pathologic
   - hypertension and heart,valve disease

Question 4

causes of hyperplasia

Answer 4

1. physiologic
   - hormone stimulation
   - compensatory mechanism-such as loss of one kidney
2. pathologic(lead to cancer)
   - viral
   - hormone stimulation
   - chronic irritation

Question 5

type of metaplasia

Answer 5

1. conecvtive tissue
   - bone,cartilage,adipose in tissue that usually do not have this
2. epithelial metaplasia
   - squamous
   - columnar

Question 6

causes of cell injury

Answer 6

1. reduce in oxygen in tissue(hypoxia)
2. physical injury
3. chemical agents and drugs
4. infective agent
   5 immune response
5. genetic
6. nutritional imbalance

Question 7

mechanism of cell injury

Answer 7

1. atp depletion
2. mitochondrial damage
3. calcium influx and loss of calcium homoestasis
4. ros
5. defects in membrane permeability
6. damage in dna

Question 8

reversible cell injury

Answer 8

1. cellular swelling(hydropic change)

2. fatty changes (steatosis)

Question 9

what are the drugs that cause fatty change

Answer 9

1. tetracycline
2. salicylate
3. methotrexate
4. corticosteroid

Question 10

morphology of cellular swelling

Answer 10

vacuole degeneration
swelling
increase in weight of organ
pale
clear vacuole in cytoplasm

Question 11

morphology of fatty change

Answer 11

bright yellow,soft greas, enlarged liver
fat vacuoles in chtoplasm
displace nucleus to peripheral
adjacent cell rupture to form fatty cyst

Question 12

what are the aetiology of atrophy

Answer 12

1. reduce workload
2. reduce blood supply
3. loss of inervation
   4 pressure