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x- Immunology MICR 3230 > Cells/ Organs/ Microenvironments > Flashcards

Cells/ Organs/ Microenvironments Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of cells have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells?

A

HSCs = Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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2
Q

What is the highly regulated process where HSCs differentiate into mature blood cells?

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

Where do all red/ white blood cells develop from?

A

pluripotent HSCs

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4
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus/ Bone Marrow

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5
Q

Where do immune cells develop from immature precursors?

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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6
Q

Where do mature antigen-specific lymphocytes first encounter antigens/ begin differentiation into effector/ memory cells?

A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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7
Q

What are 4 secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen/ Lymph Nodes/ Gut/ Mucosal Tissue

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8
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Bone Marrow

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9
Q

Where are HSCs constantly renewed/ directed to differentiate into myeloid/ lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

Bone Marrow

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10
Q

What are the 2 major types of progenitor cells that HSCs differentiate into?

A

Common Myeloid/ Lymphoid

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11
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to Red blood cells/ Megakaryocytes (platelets)/ Granulocytes/ Monocytes?

A

Common Myeloid Progenitor Cell

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12
Q

What are 4 types of myeloid cells?

A

Granulocytes/ Monocytes/ Macrophages/ Dendritic cells

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13
Q

Are myeloid progenitor cells related to innate or adaptive immune system:?

A

Innate

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14
Q

Are lymphoid progenitor cells more innate or adaptive?

A

Adaptive (both)

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15
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to White blood cells/ B + T lymphocytes/ Innate lymphoid cells/ Natural Killer cells?

A

Common Lymphoid Progenitor Cell

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16
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to RBCs?

A

Myeloid

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17
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to WBCs?

A

Lymphoid

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18
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to Platelets?

A

Myeloid

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19
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to Granulocytes?

A

Myeloid

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20
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to Monocytes?

A

Myeloid

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21
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to Macrophages?

A

Myeloid

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22
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to B/T Lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoid

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23
Q

What progenitor cell gives rise to Natural Killer Cells?

A

Lymphoid

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24
Q

What kind of cell can both myeloid/ lymphoid progenitors give rise to?

A

Dendritic Cell

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25
Q

What is the precursor for platelets? (myeloid)

A

Megakaryocytes

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26
Q

What are the 3/4 types of granulocyte?

A

Neutrophil/ Basophils/ Mast cells/ Eosinophils

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27
Q

What granulocyte is associated with inflammation/ allergies?

A

Basophils/ Mast cells

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28
Q

What granulocyte is associated with antiviral/ antiparasitic activity?

A

Eosinophils

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29
Q

What are the 4 main types of cells that develop from common myeloid progenitor cells?

A

Erythrocytes/ Monocytes/ Granulocytes/ Megakaryocytes

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30
Q

What granulocyte causes direct harm to pathogens?

A

Neutrophils

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31
Q

How do the different granulocytes differ?

A

granule staining/ protein content + function

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32
Q

What do Neutrophils/ Eosinophils/ Basophils/ Mast cells have in common?

A

granules = granulocytes

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33
Q

What are 3 kinds of molecules produced by Neutrophils?

A

Proteases/ Antimicrobial proteins/ Histamine

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34
Q

What kind of molecule is Elastase?

A

Protease

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35
Q

What is the function of Elastase (protease)?

A

Tissue Degradation

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36
Q

What is an example of an antimicrobial protein (produced by neutrophils)?

A

Defensins

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37
Q

What is the role of Histamine?

A

Inflammation

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of molecules produced by Eosinophils?

A

Cationic proteins/ Cytokines/ Chemokines

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39
Q

What is the role of cationic proteins?

A

disrupt ion flow/ induce ROS formation

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40
Q

What is an example of a cationic protein?

A

Eosinophil Peroxidase

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41
Q

What is the relation of Eosinophils to the innate immune system?

A

Cytokines/ Chemokines

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42
Q

What kind of molecule is Interleukin?

A

Cytokine = Eosinophil

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43
Q

What kind of molecules are IL-8/ RANTES/?

A

Chemokine = Eosinophil

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44
Q

What is the function of chemokines?

A

attract leukocytes

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45
Q

What is the function of cytokines?

A

modulate adaptive immune responses

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46
Q

What are the 3 types of molecules produced by basophils/ mast cells?

A

Cytokines/ Lipid mediators/ Histamine

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47
Q

What molecules produce Histamine?

A

Neutrophils/ Basophils

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48
Q

What molecules produce Cytokines?

A

Basophils/ Eosinophils

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49
Q

What kind of molecule is Leukotriene?

A

Lipid Mediator

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50
Q

Why are lipid mediators important?

A

regulation of inflammation

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51
Q

What cells have phagosomes/ lysosomes in them?

A

Monocytes/ Macrophages/ Dendritic cells

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52
Q

What is the precursor for Macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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53
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages/ Dendritic Cells

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54
Q

What cells function to repair/ remodel/ destroy pathogens/ present antigens?

A

Macrophages

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55
Q

What cells are known as “ingesters” of antigens?

A

Dendritic cells

56
Q

What cells present antigens to naive T lymphocytes for initial activation?

A

Dendritic cells

57
Q

What are professional antigen-presenting cells?

A

Monocytes (Macrophages/ Dendritic cells)

58
Q

What 2 cells are specialized for phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages/ Neutrophils

59
Q

What cells can present antigens to T cells via MHC molecules?

A

Macrophages

60
Q

What cell is the most potent antigen-presenting cell for activating naive T cells?

A

Dendritic cells

61
Q

What happens after immature dendritic cells capture an antigen?

A

mature/ migrate out of location to another to present antigen to T cells

62
Q

What kind of proteins do professional antigen-presenting cells secrete?

A

proteins that attract/ activate other immune cells

63
Q

How do professional antigen-presenting cells internalize pathogens?

A

phagocytosis

64
Q

What do professional antigen-presenting cells do to internalize pathogens?

A

digest pathogenic proteins to peptides

65
Q

How do antigen-presenting cells present peptide antigens on membrane surfaces?

A

MHC II molecules

66
Q

What cells upregulate costimulatory molecules required for optimal activation of T helper cells?

A

professional antigen-presenting cells

67
Q

What are the 3 main cell types that develop from common lymphoid progenitor cell?

A

B/T lymphocytes/ NK cells

68
Q

Although lymphocytes appear similar, what makes them different?

A

Clusters of Differentiation = CD molecules on surfaces

69
Q

Why are CD proteins important?

A

signal transduction

70
Q

What CD molecule binds to MHC class II molecules?

A

CD4

71
Q

What CD molecule binds to MHC class I molecules?

A

CD8

72
Q

What type of cell is CD4 on?

A

T-helper

73
Q

What type of cell is CD8 on?

A

T-cytotoxic

74
Q

What does MHC do?

A

present antigen to lymphocyte

75
Q

What would you find on T-helper cell membrane?

A

TCR/ CD4 molecule

76
Q

What would you find on T-cytotoxic cell membrane?

A

TCR/ CD8 molecule

77
Q

What would you find on B cell membrane?

A

BCR

78
Q

What does the CD4 molecule do?

A

binds T helper cell to the antigen to hold antigen stable within the receptor

79
Q

What is the state of newly formed B/T cells prior to activation?

A

Naive

80
Q

What happens when naive lymphocytes interact with antigen?

A

proliferate and differentiate

81
Q

What is the term for lymphocytes in an active role?

A

Effector cells

82
Q

What is the term for the lymphocytes that persist in host and respond faster/ efficiently if re-challenged?

A

Memory cells

83
Q

How many copies of BCR are on B cells/ why?

A

multiple of same receptor- stronger interaction

84
Q

What are sets of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the immune system to recognize foreign molecules? (present molecule)

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes = MHC

85
Q

What cells have MHC I on them?

A

nucleated cells - neutrophils/ platelets NOT RBCs

86
Q

What cells have MHC II on them?

A

antigen-presenting cells = dendritic cells/ phagocytes/ B cells

87
Q

Where is blood cell formation during embryogenesis?

A

shifts site to site

88
Q

Where do HSCs populate postnatally?

A

Bone Marrow

89
Q

How do HSCs self-renew?

A

process takes time/ varies with host/ different stages differentiation (emergence/ maturation/ expansion)

90
Q

B cells develop in contact with what cells?

A

Stromal cells of the bone marrow

91
Q

What do stromal cells do?

A

facilitate HSC proliferation/ direct migration/ stimulate differentiation

92
Q

Where do T cells initially develop?

A

Bone Marrow

93
Q

Where do T cells migrate to develop to full maturity?

A

Thymus

94
Q

What directs stepwise changes in thymocytes?

A

microenvironment of thymic cortex/ medulla

95
Q

What drives positive/ negative selection?

A

TCR affinity of binding with MHC-peptides

96
Q

What happens when thymocytes TCR’s bind self MHC-peptide complexes with TOO HIGH affinity?

A

thymocytes induced to die

97
Q

What is it called when thymocytes TCR’s bind self MHC-peptide complexes with TOO HIGH affinity/ cell induced to die?

A

negative selection

98
Q

What is the result of negative selection on thymocytes?

A

cell induced to die

99
Q

What is it called when thymocytes bind self-MHC/peptide complexes with INTERMEDIATE affinity?

A

positive selection

100
Q

What happens to thymocytes with the positive selection?

A

mature/ migrate to thymic medulla

101
Q

Where does positive/ negative selection occur?

A

cortex of thymus

102
Q

Where is the immune response initiated?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

103
Q

Where do lymphocytes encounter antigens/ become activated/ undergo clonal expansion/ differentiate into effector cells?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

104
Q

What are the 4 secondary lymphoid organ areas?

A

Lymph nodes/ Spleen/ Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue = MALT/ gut

105
Q

How are the secondary lymphoid organs connected to one another?

A

blood/ lymphatic circulatory systems

106
Q

What is a network of vessels filled with lymph from plasma?

A

Lymphatic system

107
Q

What is a protein-rich fluid?

A

Lymph

108
Q

What is the fluid component of blood?

A

Plasma

109
Q

What are the 2 most highly organized secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes/ spleen

110
Q

Where is B cell activity in secondary lymphoid organs?

A

cortex

111
Q

Where is T cell activity in secondary lymphoid organs?

A

paracortex

112
Q

How is B/T cell activity separated in secondary lymphoid organs/ lymph nodes?

A

microenvironment- cortex/ paracotex

113
Q

What is the innermost lymph node?

A

medulla

114
Q

Where are macrophages/ dendritic cells found?

A

medulla

115
Q

What enters secondary lymphoid organ through the afferent vessel?

A

antigen

116
Q

How do naive lymphocytes enter secondary lymphoid organs?

A

High Endothelial Venule = HEV

117
Q

How do lymphocytes exit secondary lymphoid organs?

A

efferent vessel

118
Q

What are the 3 parts of lymph nodes?

A

cortex/ paracortex/ medulla

119
Q

What cells are found mostly in the follicles (cortex) of lymph nodes?

A

B cells

120
Q

What cells are found mostly in the paracortex of lymph nodes?

A

T cells

121
Q

What cells are mostly found in the medulla of lymph nodes?

A

Macrophages

122
Q

What is the outer layer of lymph nodes called?

A

Cortex

123
Q

What do lymphoid cells do during activation events?

A

actively migrate towards each other for required interactions

124
Q

What guides T cells/ APCs toward activation interactions?

A

FRCC = Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Conduit

125
Q

Where does differentiation into effector cells take place?

A

Follicles of secondary lymphoid organs

126
Q

Where are dendritic cells arranged in follicles in lymph nodes?

A

cortex

127
Q

Where are the follicles of B/ APC (dendritic) cells in the lymph nodes?

A

follicles = in cortex

128
Q

Where do B cells further mature/ undergo clonal expansion?

A

germinal centers (follicles/ cortex)

129
Q

What happens in germinal centres?

A

B cells further mature/ antigen affinity increased/ class switching occurs

130
Q

What secondary lymphoid organ is the first line of defence against bloodborne pathogens?

A

spleen

131
Q

What are red blood cells compartmentalized into in the spleen?

A

red pulp

132
Q

What are white blood cells compartmentalized into in the spleen?

A

white pulp

133
Q

What is the name of the specialized region of macrophages/ B cells that borders the white pulp?

A

Marginal Zone

134
Q

What is an important layer of defence against infection at mucosal/ epithelial layers?

A

MALT = mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

135
Q

What organizes responses to antigens that enter mucosal tissue?

A

MALT

136
Q

What is the network of follicles/ lymphoid microenvironments associated with the intestines?

A

GALT= gut=associated lymphoid tissue

137
Q

What are the 4 secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

lymph nodes/ spleen/ MALT/ GALT

x- Immunology MICR 3230 (11 decks)

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