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Neurology-Week 1 > Cells of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cells in nervous system that have a supportive role relative to that of neurons; provide the myelin sheath for axons, contribute to the blood-brain barrier and modulate the microenvironment of neurons

A

Glia

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2
Q

Most common type of neuron; typical cell body, long axon and terminal; motor neuron

A

Multipolar

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3
Q

Type of neuron that has it’s cell body off to the side; seen in dorsal root ganglion; sensory neuron

A

Pseudounipolar

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4
Q

Type of neuron; typically in the retina; sensory neuron

A

Bipolar

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5
Q

Initial segment/trigger zone for the initiation of an action potential

A

Axon Hillock

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6
Q

Synapse between an axon and dendrite

A

Axodendritic

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7
Q

Synapse between an axon and somata

A

Axosomatic

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8
Q

Synapse between axon and axon

A

Axo-axonic

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9
Q

SUBCORTICAL cluster of neuronal cell bodies

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Cortical (CNS) cluster of neuronal cell bodies

A

Lamina

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11
Q

Neurons that have ALL of their dendrites, cell bodies and axons within a nucleus

A

Interneuron

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12
Q

(Tracts/Nerves) are bundles of axons in the CNS

A

Tract

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13
Q

(Tracts/Nerves) are bundles of axons in the PNS

A

Nerves

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14
Q

Glia cell; located in CNS; responsible for myelination; 1:many ratio to axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

Glia cell; located in CNS; component of BBB

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Glia cell; located in CNS; phagocytic (macrophages)

A

Microglia

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17
Q

Glia cell; located in CNS; line ventricles, ciliated and produce CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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18
Q

Glia cell; located in PNS; responsible for myelination; 1:1 ratio to axons

A

Schwann cell

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19
Q

Glia cell; located in PNS; provide support and modulate microenvironment

A

Satelite cell

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20
Q

Glia cells in CNS (4 total)

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal

21
Q

Glia cells in PNS (2 total)

A

Schwann cells

Satelite cells

22
Q

The ratio of (Oligodendrocytes/Schwann) cells to axons are 1 oligo:many axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

23
Q

The ratio of (Oligodendrocytes/Schwann) cells to axons are 1-to-1

A

Schwann cells

24
Q

(Oligodendrocytes/Schwann) cells lay down a basal lamina which forms an impervious “tube” through which peripheral axons grow; this difference has a profound influence on the ability of axons to regenerate in case of damage/death

A

Schwann cells

25
Q

Neurons are (able/unable) to be replaced once dead

A

Trick question: unsure; recent studies suggest some stem cell involvement that can differentiate (role in learning and memory). Still not well understood

26
Q

Multiple Sclerosis is the loss of myelin in the CNS. Which glial cells are implicated in this disease?

A

Oligodendrocytes

27
Q

(Anterograde/Retrograde) transport is movement of substances from cell body to axon terminal; molecules destined for release; uses KINESIN

A

Anterograde (forward, like Anterograde amnesia)

28
Q

(Anterograde/Retrograde) transport is movement of substances from the axon terminal to cell body; molecules destined for degradation; uses DYNEIN

A

Retrograde (backward, like Retrograde Amnesia)

29
Q

(Kinesin/Dynein) are motor proteins used in anterograde transport along axons

A

Kinesin

30
Q

(Kinesin/Dynein) are motor proteins used in retrograde transport along axons

A

Dynein

31
Q

Cutting or otherwise severing of an axon; results in both anterograde and retrograde damage

A

Axotomy

32
Q

Basophilic accumulations found in the cytoplasm of neurons composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

A

Nissl body

33
Q

Consequence of axotomy; RETROGRADE effect causes dec. Nissl body staining (dispersion of nissl substance), swelling of cell bodies and nuclei move to PERIPHERY (all signs of inc. protein synthesis)

A

Chromatolysis

34
Q

Consequence of axotomy; ANTEROGRADE effect that causes degeneration of axon beyond transection/crush site; loss of innervation of the target BUT NO DEATH of the neuron

A

Wallerian Degeneration

35
Q

(Crush/Transection) injury usually preserves the basal lamina (which serves as a conduit for regrowing axons), allowing for highly accurate reinnervation

A

Crush injury

36
Q

Restoration of nerve supply to a part of the body from which it has been lost, but nerves go to the INCORRECT target due to transection damage and loss of basal lamina (will lose FINE motor and sensory)

A

Anomalous Reinnervation

37
Q

Why is axon regeneration in the CNS poor after a traumatic injury?

A

Oligodendrocytes lack a basal lamina, so no empty tubes to grow through; also inhibitory factors to axon growth called “Nogo” are present

38
Q

Rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the PNS (either Schwann cells or myelin)

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

39
Q

Possible autoimmune attack on CNS and it’s myelin sheaths

A

Multiple Sclerosis

40
Q

(CNS/PNS) remyelination is much slower, if at all

A

CNS (like Multiple Sclerosis)

41
Q

Restoration of some function following a nervous system insult; can be by more VG ion channels, stronger synapses, collateral sprouting of axons or neurogenesis (new neurons)

A

Plasticity

42
Q

What structure of neuron is the site of protein synthesis?

A

cell body (where the nucleus is)

43
Q

Steroids, O2, CO2, alcohol, and heroin are what substances and therefore can DIFFUSE across the BBB?

A

Lipid soluble substances

44
Q

Glucose and amino acis are polar substances and therefore need what to cross the BBB?

A

transport proteins

45
Q

Ions need what to cross the BBB?

A

active transport, selective channels

46
Q

Plasma proteins, sucrose, mannitol, and dopamine are _____ from crossing the BBB

A

excluded

47
Q

CNS capillaries are fenestrated/nonfenestrated endothelial cell tight junctions

A

NON-fenestrated

48
Q

Glial cells can divide and differentiate throughout life. Reactive astrocytes (gliosis) can form glial scars which can be both good and bad. Why?

A

Good: glial scars can protect from microbial infection

Bad: can become a barrier to regeneration; give rise to most of the brain tumors (glioblastoma)

Neurology-Week 1 (9 decks)

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