Cells of The Nervous System

Question 1

Cells in nervous system that have a supportive role relative to that of neurons; provide the myelin sheath for axons, contribute to the blood-brain barrier and modulate the microenvironment of neurons

Answer 1

Glia

Question 2

Most common type of neuron; typical cell body, long axon and terminal; motor neuron

Answer 2

Multipolar

Question 3

Type of neuron that has it’s cell body off to the side; seen in dorsal root ganglion; sensory neuron

Answer 3

Pseudounipolar

Question 4

Type of neuron; typically in the retina; sensory neuron

Answer 4

Bipolar

Question 5

Initial segment/trigger zone for the initiation of an action potential

Answer 5

Axon Hillock

Question 6

Synapse between an axon and dendrite

Answer 6

Axodendritic

Question 7

Synapse between an axon and somata

Answer 7

Axosomatic

Question 8

Synapse between axon and axon

Answer 8

Axo-axonic

Question 9

SUBCORTICAL cluster of neuronal cell bodies

Answer 9

Nucleus

Question 10

Cortical (CNS) cluster of neuronal cell bodies

Answer 10

Lamina

Question 11

Neurons that have ALL of their dendrites, cell bodies and axons within a nucleus

Answer 11

Interneuron

Question 12

(Tracts/Nerves) are bundles of axons in the CNS

Answer 12

Tract

Question 13

(Tracts/Nerves) are bundles of axons in the PNS

Answer 13

Nerves

Question 14

Glia cell; located in CNS; responsible for myelination; 1:many ratio to axons

Answer 14

Oligodendrocytes

Question 15

Glia cell; located in CNS; component of BBB

Answer 15

Astrocytes

Question 16

Glia cell; located in CNS; phagocytic (macrophages)

Answer 16

Microglia

Question 17

Glia cell; located in CNS; line ventricles, ciliated and produce CSF

Answer 17

Ependymal cells

Question 18

Glia cell; located in PNS; responsible for myelination; 1:1 ratio to axons

Answer 18

Schwann cell

Question 19

Glia cell; located in PNS; provide support and modulate microenvironment

Answer 19

Satelite cell

Question 20

Glia cells in CNS (4 total)

Answer 20

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal

Question 21

Glia cells in PNS (2 total)

Answer 21

Schwann cells

Satelite cells

Question 22

The ratio of (Oligodendrocytes/Schwann) cells to axons are 1 oligo:many axons

Answer 22

Oligodendrocytes

Question 23

The ratio of (Oligodendrocytes/Schwann) cells to axons are 1-to-1

Answer 23

Schwann cells

Question 24

(Oligodendrocytes/Schwann) cells lay down a basal lamina which forms an impervious “tube” through which peripheral axons grow; this difference has a profound influence on the ability of axons to regenerate in case of damage/death

Answer 24

Schwann cells

Question 25

Neurons are (able/unable) to be replaced once dead

Answer 25

Trick question: unsure; recent studies suggest some stem cell involvement that can differentiate (role in learning and memory). Still not well understood

Question 26

Multiple Sclerosis is the loss of myelin in the CNS. Which glial cells are implicated in this disease?

Answer 26

Oligodendrocytes

Question 27

(Anterograde/Retrograde) transport is movement of substances from cell body to axon terminal; molecules destined for release; uses KINESIN

Answer 27

Anterograde (forward, like Anterograde amnesia)

Question 28

(Anterograde/Retrograde) transport is movement of substances from the axon terminal to cell body; molecules destined for degradation; uses DYNEIN

Answer 28

Retrograde (backward, like Retrograde Amnesia)

Question 29

(Kinesin/Dynein) are motor proteins used in anterograde transport along axons

Answer 29

Kinesin

Question 30

(Kinesin/Dynein) are motor proteins used in retrograde transport along axons

Answer 30

Dynein

Question 31

Cutting or otherwise severing of an axon; results in both anterograde and retrograde damage

Answer 31

Axotomy

Question 32

Basophilic accumulations found in the cytoplasm of neurons composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

Answer 32

Nissl body

Question 33

Consequence of axotomy; RETROGRADE effect causes dec. Nissl body staining (dispersion of nissl substance), swelling of cell bodies and nuclei move to PERIPHERY (all signs of inc. protein synthesis)

Answer 33

Chromatolysis

Question 34

Consequence of axotomy; ANTEROGRADE effect that causes degeneration of axon beyond transection/crush site; loss of innervation of the target BUT NO DEATH of the neuron

Answer 34

Wallerian Degeneration

Question 35

(Crush/Transection) injury usually preserves the basal lamina (which serves as a conduit for regrowing axons), allowing for highly accurate reinnervation

Answer 35

Crush injury

Question 36

Restoration of nerve supply to a part of the body from which it has been lost, but nerves go to the INCORRECT target due to transection damage and loss of basal lamina (will lose FINE motor and sensory)

Answer 36

Anomalous Reinnervation

Question 37

Why is axon regeneration in the CNS poor after a traumatic injury?

Answer 37

Oligodendrocytes lack a basal lamina, so no empty tubes to grow through; also inhibitory factors to axon growth called "Nogo" are present

Question 38

Rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the PNS (either Schwann cells or myelin)

Answer 38

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 39

Possible autoimmune attack on CNS and it's myelin sheaths

Answer 39

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 40

(CNS/PNS) remyelination is much slower, if at all

Answer 40

CNS (like Multiple Sclerosis)

Question 41

Restoration of some function following a nervous system insult; can be by more VG ion channels, stronger synapses, collateral sprouting of axons or neurogenesis (new neurons)

Answer 41

Plasticity

Question 42

What structure of neuron is the site of protein synthesis?

Answer 42

cell body (where the nucleus is)

Question 43

Steroids, O2, CO2, alcohol, and heroin are what substances and therefore can DIFFUSE across the BBB?

Answer 43

Lipid soluble substances

Question 44

Glucose and amino acis are polar substances and therefore need what to cross the BBB?

Answer 44

transport proteins

Question 45

Ions need what to cross the BBB?

Answer 45

active transport, selective channels

Question 46

Plasma proteins, sucrose, mannitol, and dopamine are _____ from crossing the BBB

Answer 46

excluded

Question 47

CNS capillaries are fenestrated/nonfenestrated endothelial cell tight junctions

Answer 47

NON-fenestrated

Question 48

Glial cells can divide and differentiate throughout life. Reactive astrocytes (gliosis) can form glial scars which can be both good and bad. Why?

Answer 48

Good: glial scars can protect from microbial infection Bad: can become a barrier to regeneration; give rise to most of the brain tumors (glioblastoma)