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Neurology-Week 1 > Anatomy of The Skull > Flashcards

Anatomy of The Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Part of the skull; forms the protective case (“vault”) around the brain

A

Neurocranium

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2
Q

Part of the skull; forms the structure of the face; formed mainly by the pharyngeal arches; quite small at birth

A

Viscerocranium

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3
Q

The (Neurocranium/Viscerocranium) is very small at birth compared to the other

A

Viscerocranium

*absence of paranasal sinuses, no teeth and small mandible

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4
Q

Bone of the skull; forms the forehead and superior aspects of the orbit

A

Frontal bone

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5
Q

Bone of the skull; surrounds the nasal cavity and forms the floor of the orbit

A

Maxilla

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6
Q

Bone of the skull; form the cheek bones and lateral part of the orbit

A

Zygomatic bone

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7
Q

Bone of the skull; forms the lower jaw

A

Mandible

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8
Q

What are the three pairs of foramina on the Anterior aspect of the skull

A

Supraorbital foramen
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen

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9
Q

Purpose of the paired foramina (supra/infraorbital foramen, mental foramen) for the face?

A

Passage for the nerves (trigeminal nerve) and vessels for face and forehead

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10
Q

Bones that contribute to the Cranial Cavity (or skull base)

A

Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid

*not sure why Parietal is not included? because it forms the calvarium maybe?

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11
Q

Spot where the 4 flat bones (frontal, temporal, occipital, SPHENOID) of the skull join and articulate together; located near the temple

A

Pterion

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12
Q

The paired Parietal bones are joined by the midline ______________ suture;

A

Sagittal

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13
Q

The Parietal bones articulate with the Occipital bone via the ________ suture; with the Frontal bone via the ________ suture

A

Lambdoid; Coronal

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14
Q

Prominent osseous/bony protrusion on the posterior aspect of the Occiput

A

External Occipital Protuberance

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15
Q

What is formed by the paired parietal bones, frontal bone, and the occipital bone

A

“skullcap”

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16
Q

Small recesses/pits on the inside of the skullcap; produced by the Arachnoid Granulations to reabsorb CSF into the venous system

A

Foveolae

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17
Q

3 layers of the Skull bones

A 
Outer table (dense)
Middle diploe (spongy)
Inner table (thin)
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18
Q

Branch of the maxillary artery; courses just beneath the Pterion (region where the frontal-parietal-sphenoid-temporal bones articulate); easily lacerated following trauma and can cause epidural hematoma and therefore herniation of brain (SCARY!)

A

Middle Meningeal artery

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19
Q

Collectively, the Arachnoid and Pia mater are referred to as the…

A

Leptomeninges

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20
Q

The _________ space contains the CSF

A

Subarachnoid

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21
Q

The Dura Mater is composed of what 2 layers?

A 
Outer Periosteal (tightly adhered to inner surface of skull)
Inner Meningeal layer
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22
Q

Layer of Dura Mater; tightly adhered to inner surface of the skull, particularly the sutures

A

Outer Periosteal

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23
Q

Where the Dural Layers (Outer and Inner) diverge; form spaces which collect and drain venous blood from the brain

A

Dural Venous Sinuse

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24
Q

After dividing from the Outer Periosteal layer, the Inner Meningeal layers converge to form septa to separate and support parts of the brain

A

Dural Partitions

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25
Q

Vertical, sickle-shaped partitions/septa that separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx Cerebri

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26
Q

Horizontal partition/septa which separates the Occipital lobe from the Cerebellum; has a U-shaped opening called the “tentorial notch” which is a common site for brain herniations

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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27
Q

U-shaped opening in the Tentorium Cerebelli which is a common site for brain herniations

A

Tentorial Notch (yellow lines)

28
Q

Examples of the 7 main Dural Venous Sinuses

A 
Superior Sagittal sinus
Inferior Sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid Sinus
Cavernous Sinus
Confluence of Sinuses (occiput)
29
Q

The Dural Venous Sinuses eventually drain into the _____________

A

Internal Jugular Veins

30
Q

The dural venous sinuses are (valved/valveless) channels that drain venous blood from the brain and cranial cavity

A

Valveless (thus can flow in either direction)

31
Q

Special dural venous sinus that lies on BOTH sides of the pituitary gland AND has several nerves (CN 3-6) and the Internal Carotid artery

A

Cavernous sinus

32
Q

What arteries and nerves are within the Cavernous sinus

A 
Internal Carotid artery
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (division V1 and V2)
Abducens (VI)
33
Q

Since facial veins drain venous blood into the Cavernous Sinus, facial/dental/sinus infections within the _______________ _______________ can spread into the cranial cavity and cause a Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

A

Danger Triangle

34
Q

Symptoms of Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

A

Eye/orbital swelling (venous congestion)
Facial pain/numbness (V1 and V2)
Dysfunctional eye movements (CN III, IV, and VI)
Meningitis

35
Q

Small tufts of arachnoid mater that protrude through the dura into the venous sinus; serve to transfer circulating CSF into the venous system

A

Arachnoid Granulations

36
Q

How much CSF is produced daily

A

500-1000 mL

37
Q

Enlargements of the subarachnoid spaces

A

Cisterns

38
Q

Largest cistern in the skull

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern

39
Q

Examples of the 4 main cisterns of the brain

A

Cerebellomedullary (largest)
Quadrigeminal
Pontomedullary
Interpeduncular

40
Q

“potential” space between the dura and the skull

A

Epidural space

41
Q

“potential” space between the dura and arachnoid

A

Subdural space

42
Q

REAL space between the arachnoid and pia; contains the CSF and large cerebral vessels

A

Subarachnoid space

43
Q

Epidural hematomas are due to the rupture of _______ and have a _________ shape on imaging studies

A

middle Meningeal artery; biconvex “lens-like”

44
Q

Subdural hematomas are due to the rupture of

_______ and have a ______________ shape on imaging studies

A

Cerebral vein; crescent

45
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhages are often from ruptured aneurysms of _________

A

Cerebral arteries

46
Q

How do patients describe the pain of a Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

“Worst headache of my life”

“thunderclap” headache (sudden onset)

47
Q

Small, saddle-like depression in the Sphenoid; houses and protects the Pituitary gland

A

Sella Turcica

48
Q

What passes through the Cribriform plate (nerve)

A

Olfactory nerve (CN 1)

49
Q

What passes through the Optic canal (nerve and artery) (2 total)

A 
Optic nerve (CN 2)
Ophthalmic artery
50
Q

What passes through the Superior Orbital fissure (nerves and artery) (5 total)

A

CNs 3, 4, V1 and 6
Ophthalmic veins

*Cavernous sinus

51
Q

What passes through the Foramen Rotundum (nerve)

A

Maxillary (V2) of Trigeminal

52
Q

What passes through the Foramen Ovale (nerve)

A

Mandibular (V3) of Trigeminal

53
Q

What passes through the Carotid Canal (artery)

A

Internal Carotid artery

54
Q

What passes through the Foramen Spinosum (artery)

A

Middle Meningeal artery

55
Q

What passes through the Internal Acoustic Meatus (nerves) (2 total)

A

Facial (CN 7)

Vestibulocochlear (CN 8)

56
Q

What passes through the Jugular Foramen (nerves) (3 total)

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
Vagus (CN 10)
Accessory (CN 11)

57
Q

What passes through the Hypoglossal Canal (nerve)

A

Hypoglossal (CN 12)

58
Q

The cranial dura mater is (poorly/highly) innervated and receives sensory innervation from what nerves?

A

Highly; Trigeminal (V1-V3) –> think of scalp

  • also vagus (CN 10), and CN 1-2
59
Q

What are the tufts of arachnoid mater that serve as sites for reabsorption of CSF into the venous system?

A

Arachnoid granulations

60
Q

The developing skull bones are joined by sutures and ________ that are not yet replaced by bone. Therefore ossification of the infant skull is ______ at birth.

A

fontanelles; incomplete

61
Q

What are the major fontanelles in the infant skull?

A
  1. Anterior fontanelle
  2. Posterior fontanelle
  3. Sphenoid fontanelles (2)
  4. Mastoid Fontanelles (2)
62
Q

___________ anterior fontanelle means dehydrated infant

_______ anterior fontanelle means increased intracranial pressure

A

sunken

Bulging

63
Q

The birth defect of premature closure of sutures/fontanelles

A

Craniosynostosis

64
Q

Premature closure of the sagittal suture –> results in _______ neurocranium

A

Scaphocephaly; long-narrow

65
Q

Premature closure of the coronal suture –> results in _______ neurocranium

A

brachycephaly; short-wide

66
Q

Raccoon eyes, hemotympanum (bleeding ear), battle sign (mastoid process bruising), and otorrhea/rhinnorhea are clinical signs indicating

A

base of skull fracture (the thief)

Neurology-Week 1 (9 decks)

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