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Yr9 biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Resolution

A

ability to distinguish between two objects

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2
Q

Magnification

A

the measure of how many times bigger an image is than the object

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3
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

Uses light

Light passes through cells

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4
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Uses electron beams

electrons beams hit the surface of the cell+ produce an image on the monitor

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5
Q

Advantages of a light microscope?(3)

A

Cheaper
Portable
No training needed

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6
Q

Disadvantages of a light microscope?(2)

A

2-D images

Low magnification+ low resolution

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7
Q

Advantages of a electron microscopes? (2)

A

High magnification+ resolution

3-D images

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8
Q

Disadvantage of electron microscope?

A

expensive
not portable
view dead cell only

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9
Q

What objective lens should you use to see a cell when beggining? (3)

A

Lowest
To get a full field of view
easier to focus

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10
Q

Total magnification=

A

objective lens* eye piece magnification

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11
Q

What is the triangle for working out magnification, image size and actual size

A

I at the top

A and M at the bottom

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12
Q

Image size=

microscope… pic

A

Magnification*actual size

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13
Q

Actual size=

microscope… pic

A

Image size /(divide) magnification

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14
Q

Magnification=

microscope… pic

A

Image size/( divide) actual size

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15
Q

what to do in conversion for nano metre to micrometre

A

divide 1000

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16
Q

What to do in conversion for millimetres to micrometres

A

times 1000

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell and has DNA wrapped in it

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18
Q

Ribosome

A

Proteinsynthesis happens here

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19
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls movement of substances going in and out of the cell

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A 
Releases energy( 1)
via respiration( 1)
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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where all chemical reactions take place

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22
Q

cell wall

A

Strengthens the cell-made up of cellulose

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23
Q

Chloroplast

A 
Where photosynthesis happens(1) 
contains chlorophyll(1)
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24
Q

vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid

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25
Q

Circular loop of DNA

A

Loop of DNA not found in a nucleus

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26
Q

Plasmis ( DNA)

A

Contains genetic info

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27
Q

What organelles does a palisade cell have that animal cell does not? (3)

A

Chloroplast
Cell wall
vacuole

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28
Q

What does cell sap consist of?

A

Solution of sugar + salt

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29
Q

What are the three types of vacuoles?

A

Semi- permanable
Contractile vacuole
Food vacuole

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30
Q

How is semi-permanable vacuoles used and where?

A

For support in plants

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31
Q

How contractile vacuoles used and where?

A

pushes out extra water so don t get too much of it. Unicellular organisms have it.

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32
Q

How is food vacuoles used and where?

A

To store food and found in unicellular organisms

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33
Q

Function of slime capsule

A

Protection

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34
Q

Function of flagella

A

Movement

35
Q

Plasmid

A

contains certain genetic information e.g antibiotic recistance which kills bacteria

36
Q

List 13 things that eukaryotes cells have?

A 
Evolved from prokaryotes
Larger and complex
Contains nucleus
Contains orgnnels
single-celled or multicellular
Multiple linear chrosmones
More complex so takes longer to reproduce
Have DNA
Have ribosomes
Hve cytoplasms
Have plasma membrane
Cell wall not always present
No flaggela
37
Q

List 11 things about prokrayotes cells?

A 
Oldest cell type
Small and simple
No nucleus
Lack organnels
Single celled
Single circular chrosmone
Easily and quickly reproduce y binary fusion
Have DNA
Have ribosomes
Have cytoplasm 
Have plasma memebrane
Cell wall alway present
May have flagella
38
Q

4 things in common with eurokrayetes and prokaryotes cells?

A

Have DNA
Have ribosomes
Have cyoplasm
Have plasma membrane

39
Q

Function of sperm

A

To fertelise egg

mention fertilise

40
Q

How is the sperm adapted for its job? 4

A

Has a tail- to swim towards the egg
Has enzymes in the acrosome ( head) to enter the egg- burrows through egg membrane
Lots of mitochondria- needed for energy via respirations
Only 23 chrosmones in nucleus- so when fuses with egg nuclei, zygote has correct amount of chrosmones

41
Q

Function of egg cell?

A

To be fertilised

42
Q

How is the egg cell adapted to carry out its job? 5

A

Only 23 chrosmones in nucleus- zygote has correct amount of chrosmones
Ones fertilise it changes shape so no more sperm can enter the egg
Cytoplasm contains yolk- acts as food store and gives nutrients to zygote
Large an bulky
Found in ovaries

43
Q

Function of nerve cells?

A

To carry electrical impulses to different parts of the body

44
Q

How is the nerve cell adapted to carry out its job? 3

A

Long and thin axons- impulses carried faster
Myelin Sheats on axons provide insulation (keep it one lacce) for electrical impulses
Synapse allows neutronsmitters to diffuse from 1 neuron to another

45
Q

How is the muscle cell adapted to carry out its job? 3

A

Protein fibres-slide over each other to cause contraction
Many mitochondria- for respiration
Glycogen( energy reserve)- can be converted into glucose - used for respiration

46
Q

Function of muscle cells?

A

For movement contraction and relaxisation

47
Q

Function of ciliated ephitelial?

A

To stop lung damage and kepp sunstance moving the tight way

48
Q

How is the ciliated ephitelia cell adapted to carry out its job? 2

A

Found in tranchea, bronchi and fallopian tube ( for soft landing of egg) and in nose
Has mucuse- it trapsdust+ pathogen( which causes disease)

49
Q

Function of root hair cell?

A

Designed to absorb minerals, water and ions

50
Q

How is the root hair cell adapted to carry out its job? 5

A

Larg surface area- maximum absorption
Thin walls- short diffusion pathway
Found in plant roots
Lots of mitochondria- acqires energy trough respiration
Has a large permanent vacuole that speed up the mmovement of water by osmosis

51
Q

Function of xylem

A

Take water and minerals in a plat to the leaves in one direction

52
Q

How is the xylem adapted to carry out its job? 2

A

Made up of lignin - lignin in spirals and supports with water pressure
Made of dead cells (before they were alive)

53
Q

Function of phloem?

A

Transports minerals and dissoleved sugars in both directions

54
Q

How is the phloem adapted to carry out its job?

A

Made up of living cells
Has sieve plates- allows glucose to go where they ae needed
Has companion cell- help keep the cell alive

55
Q

Function of palisade/ photosynthesis cell?

A

To carry out photosynthesis

56
Q

How is the palisade cell adapted to carry out its job?

A

Chloroplast- maximises photosynthesis
Long and thin shape- in columns- maximises photosynthesis and large surface area
Found top of leaf to absorb max sunlight easily

57
Q

Functin of red blood cell

A

carry oxygen around the body

58
Q

How is the red blood cell adapted to carry out its job?

A

Large surface area carries maximum oxygen
also middle bent shape no organnels No nucleus more room
Contain homoglobin which join woth oxygen so support

59
Q

Concentration

A

amount of substances in a space

60
Q

Solute

A

a substance which is dissolved e.g sugar in tea

61
Q

Solvent

A

The substance in which the solute is dissolved e.g hot water in tea

62
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached

63
Q

Is diffusion a passive or active process?

A

Passive process

64
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature
Concentration between two areas
suurface area

65
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Because heat will cause the gas particles to gain more kintic energy so will go faster

66
Q

How does concetration between two areas affect diffusion?

A

Big difference occur faster

67
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

larger surface area more room for diffusion

68
Q

Describe how the villi are adapted for diffusion

A

Large surface area
Good blood supply- maintains concentration gradient
think walls

69
Q

Adaption of gills in fish

A

Gills are made of thin and long plates called gill filaments- these have a large surface area
They contain lamella which further increases the surface area
Lamella have good blood supply- increases concentration gradient
thin walls

70
Q

Solute

A

thing that goes into the solvent

eg sugar

71
Q

Solvent

A

Where the solute is put in

eg water

72
Q

Solution

A

Mixture of solute and solvent

eg water and sugar

73
Q

Osmosis

A

Water molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration through a partially permanable membrane

74
Q

Why is partially permeable important

A

so some big things can t come

75
Q

Dilute solution

A

High concentration of water in a solution

76
Q

Concentrated solution

A

Low concentration of water particles in a solution

77
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same amount of water inside and outside of the cell

78
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Less water levels inside the cell. More water outside of the cell

79
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

More water inside than outside of cell. Water goes out and the cell shrivels

80
Q

Why do we repeat experiments?

A

accuracy+ realibility

81
Q

What can we do with 3 readings in an experiment

A

Find the average

82
Q

What can we do with a wrong reading

A

Ignore it and find the average from others

83
Q

percentage change

equation

A

= (final-inital)/inital *100

84
Q

Active transpont

A 
When particles move from low to high concentration against concentration gradient
energy is needed 
gets it from respiration
occurs in mitochondria
uses protein molecules/ protein carriers

Yr9 biology (7 decks)

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