Cells Flashcards
1
Q
Resolution
A
ability to distinguish between two objects
2
Q
Magnification
A
the measure of how many times bigger an image is than the object
3
Q
How do light microscopes work?
A
Uses light
Light passes through cells
4
Q
How do electron microscopes work?
A
Uses electron beams
electrons beams hit the surface of the cell+ produce an image on the monitor
5
Q
Advantages of a light microscope?(3)
A
Cheaper
Portable
No training needed
6
Q
Disadvantages of a light microscope?(2)
A
2-D images
Low magnification+ low resolution
7
Q
Advantages of a electron microscopes? (2)
A
High magnification+ resolution
3-D images
8
Q
Disadvantage of electron microscope?
A
expensive
not portable
view dead cell only
9
Q
What objective lens should you use to see a cell when beggining? (3)
A
Lowest
To get a full field of view
easier to focus
10
Q
Total magnification=
A
objective lens* eye piece magnification
11
Q
What is the triangle for working out magnification, image size and actual size
A
I at the top
A and M at the bottom
12
Q
Image size=
microscope… pic
A
Magnification*actual size
13
Q
Actual size=
microscope… pic
A
Image size /(divide) magnification
14
Q
Magnification=
microscope… pic
A
Image size/( divide) actual size
15
Q
what to do in conversion for nano metre to micrometre
A
divide 1000
16
Q
What to do in conversion for millimetres to micrometres
A
times 1000
17
Q
Nucleus
A
Controls the cell and has DNA wrapped in it
18
Q
Ribosome
A
Proteinsynthesis happens here
19
Q
Cell membrane
A
Controls movement of substances going in and out of the cell
20
Q
Mitochondria
A
Releases energy( 1) via respiration( 1)
21
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Where all chemical reactions take place
22
Q
cell wall
A
Strengthens the cell-made up of cellulose
23
Q
Chloroplast
A
Where photosynthesis happens(1) contains chlorophyll(1)
24
Q
vacuole
A
Filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid
25
Circular loop of DNA
Loop of DNA not found in a nucleus
26
Plasmis ( DNA)
Contains genetic info
27
What organelles does a palisade cell have that animal cell does not? (3)
Chloroplast
Cell wall
vacuole
28
What does cell sap consist of?
Solution of sugar + salt
29
What are the three types of vacuoles?
Semi- permanable
Contractile vacuole
Food vacuole
30
How is semi-permanable vacuoles used and where?
For support in plants
31
How contractile vacuoles used and where?
pushes out extra water so don t get too much of it. Unicellular organisms have it.
32
How is food vacuoles used and where?
To store food and found in unicellular organisms
33
Function of slime capsule
Protection
34
Function of flagella
Movement
35
Plasmid
contains certain genetic information e.g antibiotic recistance which kills bacteria
36
List 13 things that eukaryotes cells have?
```
Evolved from prokaryotes
Larger and complex
Contains nucleus
Contains orgnnels
single-celled or multicellular
Multiple linear chrosmones
More complex so takes longer to reproduce
Have DNA
Have ribosomes
Hve cytoplasms
Have plasma membrane
Cell wall not always present
No flaggela
```
37
List 11 things about prokrayotes cells?
```
Oldest cell type
Small and simple
No nucleus
Lack organnels
Single celled
Single circular chrosmone
Easily and quickly reproduce y binary fusion
Have DNA
Have ribosomes
Have cytoplasm
Have plasma memebrane
Cell wall alway present
May have flagella
```
38
4 things in common with eurokrayetes and prokaryotes cells?
Have DNA
Have ribosomes
Have cyoplasm
Have plasma membrane
39
Function of sperm
To fertelise egg
| mention fertilise
40
How is the sperm adapted for its job? 4
Has a tail- to swim towards the egg
Has enzymes in the acrosome ( head) to enter the egg- burrows through egg membrane
Lots of mitochondria- needed for energy via respirations
Only 23 chrosmones in nucleus- so when fuses with egg nuclei, zygote has correct amount of chrosmones
41
Function of egg cell?
To be fertilised
42
How is the egg cell adapted to carry out its job? 5
Only 23 chrosmones in nucleus- zygote has correct amount of chrosmones
Ones fertilise it changes shape so no more sperm can enter the egg
Cytoplasm contains yolk- acts as food store and gives nutrients to zygote
Large an bulky
Found in ovaries
43
Function of nerve cells?
To carry electrical impulses to different parts of the body
44
How is the nerve cell adapted to carry out its job? 3
Long and thin axons- impulses carried faster
Myelin Sheats on axons provide insulation (keep it one lacce) for electrical impulses
Synapse allows neutronsmitters to diffuse from 1 neuron to another
45
How is the muscle cell adapted to carry out its job? 3
Protein fibres-slide over each other to cause contraction
Many mitochondria- for respiration
Glycogen( energy reserve)- can be converted into glucose - used for respiration
46
Function of muscle cells?
For movement contraction and relaxisation
47
Function of ciliated ephitelial?
To stop lung damage and kepp sunstance moving the tight way
48
How is the ciliated ephitelia cell adapted to carry out its job? 2
Found in tranchea, bronchi and fallopian tube ( for soft landing of egg) and in nose
Has mucuse- it trapsdust+ pathogen( which causes disease)
49
Function of root hair cell?
Designed to absorb minerals, water and ions
50
How is the root hair cell adapted to carry out its job? 5
Larg surface area- maximum absorption
Thin walls- short diffusion pathway
Found in plant roots
Lots of mitochondria- acqires energy trough respiration
Has a large permanent vacuole that speed up the mmovement of water by osmosis
51
Function of xylem
Take water and minerals in a plat to the leaves in one direction
52
How is the xylem adapted to carry out its job? 2
Made up of lignin - lignin in spirals and supports with water pressure
Made of dead cells (before they were alive)
53
Function of phloem?
Transports minerals and dissoleved sugars in both directions
54
How is the phloem adapted to carry out its job?
Made up of living cells
Has sieve plates- allows glucose to go where they ae needed
Has companion cell- help keep the cell alive
55
Function of palisade/ photosynthesis cell?
To carry out photosynthesis
56
How is the palisade cell adapted to carry out its job?
Chloroplast- maximises photosynthesis
Long and thin shape- in columns- maximises photosynthesis and large surface area
Found top of leaf to absorb max sunlight easily
57
Functin of red blood cell
carry oxygen around the body
58
How is the red blood cell adapted to carry out its job?
Large surface area carries maximum oxygen
also middle bent shape no organnels No nucleus more room
Contain homoglobin which join woth oxygen so support
59
Concentration
amount of substances in a space
60
Solute
a substance which is dissolved e.g sugar in tea
61
Solvent
The substance in which the solute is dissolved e.g hot water in tea
62
Diffusion
Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
63
Is diffusion a passive or active process?
Passive process
64
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
Temperature
Concentration between two areas
suurface area
65
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
Because heat will cause the gas particles to gain more kintic energy so will go faster
66
How does concetration between two areas affect diffusion?
Big difference occur faster
67
How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?
larger surface area more room for diffusion
68
Describe how the villi are adapted for diffusion
Large surface area
Good blood supply- maintains concentration gradient
think walls
69
Adaption of gills in fish
Gills are made of thin and long plates called gill filaments- these have a large surface area
They contain lamella which further increases the surface area
Lamella have good blood supply- increases concentration gradient
thin walls
70
Solute
thing that goes into the solvent
| eg sugar
71
Solvent
Where the solute is put in
| eg water
72
Solution
Mixture of solute and solvent
| eg water and sugar
73
Osmosis
Water molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration through a partially permanable membrane
74
Why is partially permeable important
so some big things can t come
75
Dilute solution
High concentration of water in a solution
76
Concentrated solution
Low concentration of water particles in a solution
77
Isotonic solution
Same amount of water inside and outside of the cell
78
Hypotonic solution
Less water levels inside the cell. More water outside of the cell
79
Hypotonic solution
More water inside than outside of cell. Water goes out and the cell shrivels
80
Why do we repeat experiments?
accuracy+ realibility
81
What can we do with 3 readings in an experiment
Find the average
82
What can we do with a wrong reading
Ignore it and find the average from others
83
percentage change
| equation
= (final-inital)/inital *100
84
Active transpont
```
When particles move from low to high concentration against concentration gradient
energy is needed
gets it from respiration
occurs in mitochondria
uses protein molecules/ protein carriers
```
