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Yr9 biology > Blood, the heart. breathing and gas exchange > Flashcards

Blood, the heart. breathing and gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What is found in the blood

A 
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Minerals and ions
Glucose
Amino acids
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hormones
Urea
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2
Q

Blood is a …

A

Tissue

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3
Q

Blood is based on…

A

Plasma

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4
Q

Urea

A

Quite poisonous

Gets turned into urine

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5
Q

WBC help

A

Fight off pathogen

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of WBC

A

Lymphocyte

Phagocyte

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7
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Makes up anti-toxins and also antibodies

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8
Q

Antitoxins

A

Destroys toxins produced by pathogens and makes antibodies

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9
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein receptors found on the surface of a WBC that attach to an antigen and destroys it

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10
Q

Phagocyte

A

Engulfs and digests the pathogen

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11
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

full of oxygen

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12
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

does not have oxygen

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13
Q

process of healing of a skin wound I guess a minor one

A

Platelets- helps blood clot
small fragment of cell
blood clotting enzyme controlled reaction
Cause fibrogen( protein) to form at the wound
causes protein fibres to form at the wound
this attracts more platelets and RBC
Causes blood to clot
clot will dry to form a clot

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14
Q

platelets help

A

blood clot

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15
Q

oxygen+hemoglobin in an RBC

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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16
Q

What causes RBC to change colour to bright red

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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17
Q

heart

A

the muscle that pumps blood around the body through repeated rhythmic contractions

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18
Q

Need blood circulation to:

A

move glucose and other nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and urea to and from cells
help fight diseases
help stabilize body temperature

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19
Q

hole in the heart means

A

blood will mix

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20
Q

thud*3 caused by

A

ventricles opening and closing

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21
Q

where does oxygen get transported to

A

cells

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22
Q

Describe the movement of diaghram and intercostal muscles

A

The diaghram relaxes and contracts
when we breathe in our intercostal muscles contract this pulls the rib cage up and out
Both actions increase volume of thorax loweres the pressure on the thorax

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23
Q

Close relationship between alveoli and capillaries

A

capillaries are wrapped around it

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24
Q

How alveoli adapted

A

Thin walls- short diffusion pathway
Large surface area- maximises absorption
network of cappilaries- maintains concentration gradient

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25
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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26
Q

Gas exchange

A

swapping of gasses between alveoli and blood

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27
Q

Diaghram

A

separates digestive and respiratory system

28
Q

Inhalation

A 
Chest ribcage moves up and out
intercostal muscle contracts
lung volume increases
diaghram contracts/flattens
Lung pressure decrease
air rushes in
29
Q

Exhalation

A 
Chest/ rib cage down and in
intercostal muscle relaxes
Lung volume decrease
diaghram will relax
lung pressure will increase
air rushes out
30
Q

How much nitrogen is breathed in and out

A

80 in

80 out

31
Q

How much oxygen breathed in and out

A

20 in

16 out

32
Q

How much carbon dioxide breathed in and out

A

0.04 in

4 out

33
Q

Heart is a part of

A

circulatory system

34
Q

circulatory system

A

carries oxygen and water to everybody cell in the body and removes waste products

35
Q

Describe the movement of deoxygenated blood

A

Blood flows in the right atrium and then into the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs to undergo gaseous exchange

36
Q

Describe the movement of oxygenated blood

A

flows into the left atrium and then into the left vetricle which pumps oxygenated blood around the body.

37
Q

Structure of the heart

A

Muscular walls provide a strong heartbeat.
The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker because blood has to be pumped all around the body rather than just the lung like the right ventricle.
4 chambers that separate oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood
valves to make sure blood does not go backwards
coronary arteries cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated blood supply

38
Q

Process of the movement blood

A

1) blood flows into the right atrium through the vena caves and left atrium through the pulmonary vein
2) the atria contracts of forcing the blood into the ventricles
3) the ventricles then contract, pushing the blood in the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs , and blood in the left ventricle to the aorta to be taken around the body
4) as this happens, valves close to make sure the blood does not go backwards

39
Q

Cells in the right atrium acts as a

A

pacemaker- provide stimulation as small electric impulses which pass a wave across heart muscle, causing to contract. Without this heart would not pump fast enough.

40
Q

Artificial pacemaker…

A

can be used if the individual has an irregular heartbeat. It is an electric device that produces a signal causing the heart to beat at normal speed.

41
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

42
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart
layers of muscle in the walls make them stronger
elastic fibres allow them to stretch
this helps the vessels withstand the high pressure created by the pumping of the heart

43
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart
the lumen( actual tube in which blood flows through) is wide to allow low pressure blood to go through
they have valves to ensure the blood flows in the right direction

44
Q

Capillaries

A

allow blood to flow very close to the cells to enable substances to move between them
One cell thick walls create a very short diffusion pathway
permeable walls so substances can move across them

45
Q

coronary heart disease

A

this is when the coronary arteries that provide blood to the heart become blocked within the build up of fatty material. Results in less blood flowing to the heart, reducing its oxygen supply. Might to lead to a heart attack.

46
Q

What are the 2 types of solutions to coronary disease?

A

Stents

Statins

47
Q

Stents

A

metal (mesh tubes instead of arteries) keep the arteries open to allow blood to flow through

48
Q

Advantages of stents:

A

They are effective in lowering the risk of heart attack

The recovery time of the surgery

49
Q

Disadvantages of stents

A

Risk of a heart attack during the procedure, or that infection could occur following it
Chance blood clots can form near stent( called thrombosis)

50
Q

Statins

A

drugs that decrease the levels of LDL( bad cholesterol)- which would otherwise lead to coronary heart disease

51
Q

Advantages of statins

A

reduces risks of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
Increase the level of good cholestrol

52
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

Need to be taken continuously, which may be an inconvenience
Can produce side effects
It May not have an immediate effect as it only shows down the rate it is deposited

53
Q

Faulty valves

A

when heart valves becomes stiff so cannot open or it is damaged so it leaks, blood flows in a wrong direction so does not work efficiently

54
Q

2 types of solutions for faulty valves

A 
biological walves( pig or cattle)
mechanical valve
55
Q

Solution for faulty valves

biological valve advantages

A

works very well

56
Q

Solution for faulty valves

biological valve disadvantage

A

only last 12-15 hrs

57
Q

Solution for faulty valves

mechanical valve adv

A

last for a long time

58
Q

Solution for faulty valves

mechanic valve disadv

A

constant medication is needed to stop blood from clotting around the valve

59
Q

How can heart failure ve solved

A

heart transplant

60
Q

What does a heart transplant require

A

require a donor who has recently died

not always available so an artificial one might be used while waiting

61
Q

Advantages of heart transplant

A

less likely to be rejected by the immune system- metal and plastic not recognised as foreign

62
Q

disadv of heart transplant

A

surgery temporarily leaves the body exposed to infection
as it has mechanical parts they could wear out and motor could fail
to prevent the above, drugs are taken to this for the patients blood- this affects the individual bleeding if they are hurt

63
Q

extreme blood loss can be solved by

A

giving artificial blood

would keep them aive

64
Q

adv of giving artificial blood

A

this means the patient has more time to produce new blood cells

65
Q

disadv of giving artificial blood

A

but can only be used for short periods of time- then a blood transfusion has to take place

Yr9 biology (7 decks)

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