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Yr9 biology > Blood, the heart. breathing and gas exchange > Flashcards

Blood, the heart. breathing and gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is found in the blood

A 
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Minerals and ions
Glucose
Amino acids
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hormones
Urea
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2
Q

Blood is a …

A

Tissue

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3
Q

Blood is based on…

A

Plasma

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4
Q

Urea

A

Quite poisonous

Gets turned into urine

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5
Q

WBC help

A

Fight off pathogen

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of WBC

A

Lymphocyte

Phagocyte

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7
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Makes up anti-toxins and also antibodies

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8
Q

Antitoxins

A

Destroys toxins produced by pathogens and makes antibodies

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9
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein receptors found on the surface of a WBC that attach to an antigen and destroys it

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10
Q

Phagocyte

A

Engulfs and digests the pathogen

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11
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

full of oxygen

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12
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

does not have oxygen

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13
Q

process of healing of a skin wound I guess a minor one

A

Platelets- helps blood clot
small fragment of cell
blood clotting enzyme controlled reaction
Cause fibrogen( protein) to form at the wound
causes protein fibres to form at the wound
this attracts more platelets and RBC
Causes blood to clot
clot will dry to form a clot

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14
Q

platelets help

A

blood clot

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15
Q

oxygen+hemoglobin in an RBC

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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16
Q

What causes RBC to change colour to bright red

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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17
Q

heart

A

the muscle that pumps blood around the body through repeated rhythmic contractions

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18
Q

Need blood circulation to:

A

move glucose and other nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and urea to and from cells
help fight diseases
help stabilize body temperature

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19
Q

hole in the heart means

A

blood will mix

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20
Q

thud*3 caused by

A

ventricles opening and closing

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21
Q

where does oxygen get transported to

A

cells

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22
Q

Describe the movement of diaghram and intercostal muscles

A

The diaghram relaxes and contracts
when we breathe in our intercostal muscles contract this pulls the rib cage up and out
Both actions increase volume of thorax loweres the pressure on the thorax

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23
Q

Close relationship between alveoli and capillaries

A

capillaries are wrapped around it

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24
Q

How alveoli adapted

A

Thin walls- short diffusion pathway
Large surface area- maximises absorption
network of cappilaries- maintains concentration gradient

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25
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
26
Gas exchange
swapping of gasses between alveoli and blood
27
Diaghram
separates digestive and respiratory system
28
Inhalation
``` Chest ribcage moves up and out intercostal muscle contracts lung volume increases diaghram contracts/flattens Lung pressure decrease air rushes in ```
29
Exhalation
``` Chest/ rib cage down and in intercostal muscle relaxes Lung volume decrease diaghram will relax lung pressure will increase air rushes out ```
30
How much nitrogen is breathed in and out
80 in | 80 out
31
How much oxygen breathed in and out
20 in | 16 out
32
How much carbon dioxide breathed in and out
0.04 in | 4 out
33
Heart is a part of
circulatory system
34
circulatory system
carries oxygen and water to everybody cell in the body and removes waste products
35
Describe the movement of deoxygenated blood
Blood flows in the right atrium and then into the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs to undergo gaseous exchange
36
Describe the movement of oxygenated blood
flows into the left atrium and then into the left vetricle which pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
37
Structure of the heart
Muscular walls provide a strong heartbeat. The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker because blood has to be pumped all around the body rather than just the lung like the right ventricle. 4 chambers that separate oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood valves to make sure blood does not go backwards coronary arteries cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated blood supply
38
Process of the movement blood
1) blood flows into the right atrium through the vena caves and left atrium through the pulmonary vein 2) the atria contracts of forcing the blood into the ventricles 3) the ventricles then contract, pushing the blood in the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs , and blood in the left ventricle to the aorta to be taken around the body 4) as this happens, valves close to make sure the blood does not go backwards
39
Cells in the right atrium acts as a
pacemaker- provide stimulation as small electric impulses which pass a wave across heart muscle, causing to contract. Without this heart would not pump fast enough.
40
Artificial pacemaker...
can be used if the individual has an irregular heartbeat. It is an electric device that produces a signal causing the heart to beat at normal speed.
41
What are the 3 types of blood vessels
Arteries Veins Capillaries
42
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart layers of muscle in the walls make them stronger elastic fibres allow them to stretch this helps the vessels withstand the high pressure created by the pumping of the heart
43
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart the lumen( actual tube in which blood flows through) is wide to allow low pressure blood to go through they have valves to ensure the blood flows in the right direction
44
Capillaries
allow blood to flow very close to the cells to enable substances to move between them One cell thick walls create a very short diffusion pathway permeable walls so substances can move across them
45
coronary heart disease
this is when the coronary arteries that provide blood to the heart become blocked within the build up of fatty material. Results in less blood flowing to the heart, reducing its oxygen supply. Might to lead to a heart attack.
46
What are the 2 types of solutions to coronary disease?
Stents | Statins
47
Stents
metal (mesh tubes instead of arteries) keep the arteries open to allow blood to flow through
48
Advantages of stents:
They are effective in lowering the risk of heart attack | The recovery time of the surgery
49
Disadvantages of stents
Risk of a heart attack during the procedure, or that infection could occur following it Chance blood clots can form near stent( called thrombosis)
50
Statins
drugs that decrease the levels of LDL( bad cholesterol)- which would otherwise lead to coronary heart disease
51
Advantages of statins
reduces risks of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks Increase the level of good cholestrol
52
Disadvantages of statins
Need to be taken continuously, which may be an inconvenience Can produce side effects It May not have an immediate effect as it only shows down the rate it is deposited
53
Faulty valves
when heart valves becomes stiff so cannot open or it is damaged so it leaks, blood flows in a wrong direction so does not work efficiently
54
2 types of solutions for faulty valves
``` biological walves( pig or cattle) mechanical valve ```
55
Solution for faulty valves | biological valve advantages
works very well
56
Solution for faulty valves | biological valve disadvantage
only last 12-15 hrs
57
Solution for faulty valves | mechanical valve adv
last for a long time
58
Solution for faulty valves | mechanic valve disadv
constant medication is needed to stop blood from clotting around the valve
59
How can heart failure ve solved
heart transplant
60
What does a heart transplant require
require a donor who has recently died | not always available so an artificial one might be used while waiting
61
Advantages of heart transplant
less likely to be rejected by the immune system- metal and plastic not recognised as foreign
62
disadv of heart transplant
surgery temporarily leaves the body exposed to infection as it has mechanical parts they could wear out and motor could fail to prevent the above, drugs are taken to this for the patients blood- this affects the individual bleeding if they are hurt
63
extreme blood loss can be solved by
giving artificial blood | would keep them aive
64
adv of giving artificial blood
this means the patient has more time to produce new blood cells
65
disadv of giving artificial blood
but can only be used for short periods of time- then a blood transfusion has to take place

Yr9 biology (7 decks)

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