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Yr9 biology > Cell divison > Flashcards

Cell divison Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Long-form of DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

How many chromoseomes do humans have

A

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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3
Q

Chromosomes made up of…

A

coiled strands of DNA molecules

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4
Q

How many genes do humans have

A

around 24000

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5
Q

Genes control

A

charecteristics

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6
Q

Name the baselines:

A 
Adenine( A)
Thymine( T)
Cytosine( C)
Guanine(G)
Uracil( U)
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7
Q

Name the parts from a cell to… largest to smallest

A 
Cell
Nucleus
Chromosomes
DNA
Genes
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8
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Protein

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9
Q

xy=

A

male

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10
Q

xx=

A

female

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11
Q

x

A

female

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12
Q

y

A

male

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13
Q

Homologous

A

A pair of chromosomes that have the same genes

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14
Q

Haploid

A

23 chromosomes

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15
Q

Diploid

A

Double of 23 so all chromosomes

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16
Q

Down’s syndrome

A 
Reduced muscle tone leading to floppiness( hypotona)
eyes that slant upwards and outwards
a small mouth  with a protruding tongue
a flat back of the head
below-average weight and length at birth
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17
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Effects on female
results in low growth and development
unfertile- cannot be a mother

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18
Q

Why do we need cell division

A

The organism is growing
new cells are needed to replace worn-out cells
new cells are needed to replace damaged cells

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19
Q

What does the cell cycle consist of in order

A 
Interphace
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
20
Q

The longest stage in the cell cycle is…

A

Interphase

21
Q

What stages make up mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
anaphase
telophase

22
Q

Mitosis

A 
forms 2 genetically identical cells
1 parent cell only
Asexual
Does not involve the fusion of gametes
1 cell diffusion only
new cells have 46 chromosomes
23
Q

How are gametes produced

A

by mitosis

24
Q

Cancer is when

A

the cell cycle does not stop

25
Q

Interphase

A

Cell is getting ready to divide
DNA will duplicate
Subcellular structure grow
Subcellular= what is inside the cell

26
Q

Prophase

A

There are chromosomes in the cell
nuclear membrane breaks down
DNA forms into x shaped chromosomes

27
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Spindel fibres form from the centrioles
Attach to the centromine

28
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart to opposite ends of thee cell

29
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membrane reforms around the 2 sets of chromosomes

Cytoplasm begans to punch inwards

30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm splits

2 identical daughter cells form identical to the parent cells

31
Q

A … ( a fertilized egg cell) divides by … into an embryo. It is made from… (unspecialised) cells called… stem cells

A

Zygote
Mitosis
Undefferentiated
stem cells

32
Q

Why do stem cells turn into specialised cells

A

different genes get turned on different cells

33
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Cells that can differentiate to limited things

34
Q

Animal cells … at an early stage while plant cells…

A

differentiate

retain the ability to specialize throughout their life

35
Q

Meristem

A

elongates after cell division so plants can get taller

36
Q

Stem cells are currently used to

A

grow and repair organs

37
Q

Thereupatic cloning

A

Can be used to grow and repair organs

38
Q

why people don t like thereupatic cloning

A

because they think they are playing god for some reason

39
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells

A

Ability to differentiate into any specialised cell
Get stem cells from fertility clinics- when women want to abortion
Cures diseases

40
Q

Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A

Potentially killing a life- if it does not have enough
Chance of possible rejection- they are not yours
risk of contamination
could result in cancer
you can only access them during pregnancy they don’t differentiate after you are ‘born’.

41
Q

Advantages of a adult stem cell

A

can help cure disease
body can t reject them because they are from your own body
cheaper than embryonic cell
permission given/ consent

42
Q

Disadvantages of adult stem cells

A

can only turn into certain cells
can t use someone else’s
painful

43
Q

Advantages of meristem cells

A

can clone

44
Q

Chromosome

A

Very small X shaped objects carrying genes

45
Q

Gene

A

Unit of inheritance that are made out of DNA, they determine our physical charecteristics

46
Q

DNA

A

Complex chemical molecule carrying the different codes needed for different proteins to be made.

Yr9 biology (7 decks)

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