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OCR Gateway Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the cell membrane (3)

A
  • what enters/leaves cell
  • has a receptor for signals
  • partially permeable membrane
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2
Q
  • what enters/leaves cell
  • has a receptor for signals
  • partially permeable membrane
A

Cell membrane

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3
Q

Function of the nucleus (2)

A
  • genetic info/DNA

- in form of chromosomes

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4
Q
  • genetic info/DNA

- in form of chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Function of mitochondria (2)

A
  • enzymes

- site of respiration

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6
Q
  • enzymes

- site of respiration

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

Function of ribosomes (1)

A

-protein synthesis

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8
Q

-protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

Function of cytoplasm (2)

A
  • chemical reactions

- water mixed with substances

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10
Q
  • chemical reactions

- water mixed with substances

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Function of the vacuole (2)

A
  • nourishes the cell

- support/shape of plant

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12
Q
  • nourishes the cell

- support/shape of plant

A

Vacuole

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13
Q

Function of cell wall (2)

A
  • made of cellulose

- structure of plant

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14
Q
  • made of cellulose

- structure of plant

A

Cell wall

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15
Q

Function of chloroplasts (2)

A
  • contains green chlorophyll

- site of photosynthesis

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16
Q
  • contains green chlorophyll

- site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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17
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made from?

A

Murein

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18
Q

What are the small circular pieces of DNA in a bacterial cell called?

A

Plasmid

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19
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

In a bacterial cell, it’s the single chromosome of DNA

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20
Q

What does flagella do?

A

Help cell swim through tissue

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21
Q

Where are respiration enzymes found in a bacterial cell?

A

Mesosome

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22
Q

What is a mesosme?

A

A folding of the cell membrane that has respiration enzymes

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23
Q

What so chloroplasts often contain grains of?

A

Starch

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24
Q

How do ribosomes perform protein synthesis?

A

Joining together amino acids

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25
Q

What is the largest organelle in the cell?

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A
  • nuclear membrane

- with pores

27
Q

What do the pores around the nucleus do?

A

Allow substances to enter and leave nucleus

28
Q

How does a cell divide? (2)

A
  • DNA supercoils

- Into chloroplasts

29
Q

What is cell membrane made from? (2)

A
  • Fat

- Proteins as receptors

30
Q

How do the contents of the nucleus allow it to carry out its function? (2)

A
  • chromosomes

- carries individual DNA in each cell to control each one

31
Q

Why are there no chloroplasts in opinion cells? (2)

A
  • no sunlight underground

- photosynthesis needs sunlight

32
Q

Specialised cell definition

A

Cells that have differentiated in order to perform a specific function

33
Q

Sperm function

A

Fertilise egg cell

34
Q

Palisade cell function

A

Trap light for photosynthesis

35
Q

Root hair cell function

A

Absorb water and minerals from soil

36
Q

Muscle cell function

A

Contracts to move body parts

37
Q

Xylem function

A

Transport water and minerals in plants

38
Q

Red blood cell function

A

Transports oxygen

39
Q

Sperm adaptations (3)

A
  • streamlined head
  • 1/2 nucleus
  • tail
40
Q

Palisade adaptations (3)

A
  • large surface area
  • many tightly packed chloroplasts
  • columnar shape
41
Q

Root hair adaptations (2)

A
  • thin membrane

- large surface area

42
Q

Muscle cell adaptations (2)

A
  • elongated

- contains mitochondria for energy

43
Q

Xylem adaptation (1)

A

Hollow to carry more

44
Q

Red blood cell adaptations (4)

A
  • large surface area
  • biconcave disc
  • contains haemoglobin
  • no nucleus
45
Q

Tissue definition

A

Group of cells with similar structure that work together to perform shared function

46
Q

Animal tissues (3)

A
  • muscle
  • glandular
  • epithelial
47
Q

Plant tissues (3)

A
  • epidermal
  • xylem
  • phloem
48
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Can contract to produce movement

49
Q

Glandular tissue

A

Can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones

50
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers some parts of the body ie skin

51
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

Covers a plant

52
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Transports water and dissolved minerals around the plant

53
Q

Phloem tissue

A

Transports sugars around the plant

54
Q

Organ definition

A

Collection of tissues working together to perform specific function

55
Q

What tissues is the stomach made from? (3)

A
  • muscular (to churn contents)
  • glandular (to produce digestive juices)
  • epithelial (cover the outside and inside)
56
Q

What tissues is the leaf made from? (4)

A
  • mesophyll
  • xylem
  • phloem
  • epidermal
57
Q

What is zygote?

A

Two fused cells (fertilised egg)

58
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division

59
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells that can turn into anything

60
Q

Issues with using stem cells (3)

A
  • Pass viruses and diseases
  • uncontrolled growth
  • rejection
61
Q

Injuries and diseases stem cells are used for (4)

A
  • blindness
  • spinal injuries
  • cancer
  • Parkinson’s
62
Q

Where are stem cells found? (5)

A
  • blood/blood vessels
  • placenta
  • teeth
  • brain
  • bone marrow
63
Q

Difference between adult and embryonic stem cells

A

Adult:
-can only develop into certain specialised cells
Embryonic:
-can develop into any specialised cell

64
Q

How long is a bacterial cell?

A

1 micrometer

OCR Gateway Biology (13 decks)

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