Cells Flashcards
Function of the cell membrane (3)
- what enters/leaves cell
- has a receptor for signals
- partially permeable membrane
- what enters/leaves cell
- has a receptor for signals
- partially permeable membrane
Cell membrane
Function of the nucleus (2)
- genetic info/DNA
- in form of chromosomes
- genetic info/DNA
- in form of chromosomes
Nucleus
Function of mitochondria (2)
- enzymes
- site of respiration
- enzymes
- site of respiration
Mitochondria
Function of ribosomes (1)
-protein synthesis
-protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Function of cytoplasm (2)
- chemical reactions
- water mixed with substances
- chemical reactions
- water mixed with substances
Cytoplasm
Function of the vacuole (2)
- nourishes the cell
- support/shape of plant
- nourishes the cell
- support/shape of plant
Vacuole
Function of cell wall (2)
- made of cellulose
- structure of plant
- made of cellulose
- structure of plant
Cell wall
Function of chloroplasts (2)
- contains green chlorophyll
- site of photosynthesis
- contains green chlorophyll
- site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
What is a bacterial cell wall made from?
Murein
What are the small circular pieces of DNA in a bacterial cell called?
Plasmid
What is a nucleoid?
In a bacterial cell, it’s the single chromosome of DNA
What does flagella do?
Help cell swim through tissue
Where are respiration enzymes found in a bacterial cell?
Mesosome
What is a mesosme?
A folding of the cell membrane that has respiration enzymes
What so chloroplasts often contain grains of?
Starch
How do ribosomes perform protein synthesis?
Joining together amino acids
What is the largest organelle in the cell?
Nucleus
What is the nucleus surrounded by?
- nuclear membrane
- with pores
What do the pores around the nucleus do?
Allow substances to enter and leave nucleus
How does a cell divide? (2)
- DNA supercoils
- Into chloroplasts
What is cell membrane made from? (2)
- Fat
- Proteins as receptors
How do the contents of the nucleus allow it to carry out its function? (2)
- chromosomes
- carries individual DNA in each cell to control each one
Why are there no chloroplasts in opinion cells? (2)
- no sunlight underground
- photosynthesis needs sunlight
Specialised cell definition
Cells that have differentiated in order to perform a specific function
Sperm function
Fertilise egg cell
Palisade cell function
Trap light for photosynthesis
Root hair cell function
Absorb water and minerals from soil
Muscle cell function
Contracts to move body parts
Xylem function
Transport water and minerals in plants
Red blood cell function
Transports oxygen
Sperm adaptations (3)
- streamlined head
- 1/2 nucleus
- tail
Palisade adaptations (3)
- large surface area
- many tightly packed chloroplasts
- columnar shape
Root hair adaptations (2)
- thin membrane
- large surface area
Muscle cell adaptations (2)
- elongated
- contains mitochondria for energy
Xylem adaptation (1)
Hollow to carry more
Red blood cell adaptations (4)
- large surface area
- biconcave disc
- contains haemoglobin
- no nucleus
Tissue definition
Group of cells with similar structure that work together to perform shared function
Animal tissues (3)
- muscle
- glandular
- epithelial
Plant tissues (3)
- epidermal
- xylem
- phloem
Muscle tissue
Can contract to produce movement
Glandular tissue
Can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue
Covers some parts of the body ie skin
Epidermal tissue
Covers a plant
Xylem tissue
Transports water and dissolved minerals around the plant
Phloem tissue
Transports sugars around the plant
Organ definition
Collection of tissues working together to perform specific function
What tissues is the stomach made from? (3)
- muscular (to churn contents)
- glandular (to produce digestive juices)
- epithelial (cover the outside and inside)
What tissues is the leaf made from? (4)
- mesophyll
- xylem
- phloem
- epidermal
What is zygote?
Two fused cells (fertilised egg)
What is mitosis?
Cell division
What are stem cells?
Unspecialised cells that can turn into anything
Issues with using stem cells (3)
- Pass viruses and diseases
- uncontrolled growth
- rejection
Injuries and diseases stem cells are used for (4)
- blindness
- spinal injuries
- cancer
- Parkinson’s
Where are stem cells found? (5)
- blood/blood vessels
- placenta
- teeth
- brain
- bone marrow
Difference between adult and embryonic stem cells
Adult:
-can only develop into certain specialised cells
Embryonic:
-can develop into any specialised cell
How long is a bacterial cell?
1 micrometer
