Cells Flashcards
Protoplasm
All the living matter of the cell:cytoplasm, nucleus & cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Liquid contents of the cell in a jelly-like fluid. It’s a solvent for chemical reactions, dissolved gases, O & CO2 and ions & protein and nutrients.
Cell wall
Protects the contents of the cell and provides structure and support.
- Primary cell wall (thin layer just outside the membrane, made of cellulose and permeated with Pectin).
- Secondary cell wall (Develop as cells age, inside of primary cell wall and permeated with lignin)
- Plasmodesmata ( Thin threads of cytoplasm that pass through the cell walls (pits) and connect to cytoplasm adjoining cells)
Cell membrane
- A fluid mosaic model
- encloses the cell
- semi-permeable
- phospholipid bilayer and embedded with protein
Nucleus
- controls cell activity
- differentiation and specialization of cells
- transfer hereditary information
- reproduction of cells
- double nuclear membrane
Chromatin network
Tangled threads of hereditary info (DNA), condenses before cell division to form chromosomes
Nucleolus
Dark body visible within the nucleoplasm containing RNA used to make proteins.
Nucleoplasm pores
Jelly- like liquid in the nucleus. In the membrane, controls passage of substances between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
Small organelles responsible for protein synthesis by joining amino acids.
Endoplasmic reticulum
A system of double membranes that form channels through the cell.
- makes, stores and transports carbs, lipids, and proteins
- brings cell contents in contact with the outside environment.
- Enlarges the internal transport system
- area for ribosomes to attach
- RER- makes protein
- SER- makes lipids and other substances
Golgi apparatus
membrane system consisting of multiple dictyosomes.
- Collects molecules for ER
- Processes and sorts
- Packs secretion into vesicles and distributes to different parts of the cell.
- Forms lysosomes
Centrioles
- small tubes
- only in animal cells
- Responsible for cell division and motility.
Mitochondria
- responsible for cellular respiration
Mitochondrial DNA
- Inherited from the egg cell
- Determines relatedness and diagnoses diseases, there are more copies of mtDNA than nDNA in a cell.
symptoms of mitochondrial disease: blindness, weak muscles and fatigue.
Vacuoles
In animals: storage, transport, digestion, and osmoregulation.
In plants: storage of water, nutrients, ions and support structure.
Lysosomes
Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes for digestion and waste removal. Apoptosis ( programmed cell death - burst and digest themselves)
Turgor Pressure
The pressure the contents of a cell exert on a cell wall.
- When a vacuole is filled - Turgid
- When it loses water - Flaccid
Plastids
includes:
- Chloroplast: has chlorophyll and imparts green pigment (Thylakoid) needed for photosynthesis.
- Chromoplast: contains carotenoids which impart red, yellow and orange colour for flowers, fruit, and leaves.
- Leucoplasts- Colourless and store nutrients. (starch - amyloplasts and oils)
Benedict’s solution is used to test for …
glucose
Iodine is used to test for …
carbs
Biuret is used to lest for …
protein
