Cells Flashcards
Cytoplasm
Cell contents
Cytosol
Liquids inside the cell. (Liquid cytoplasm)
Organelles
Intracellular structures. (Solid Cytoplasm)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) “Rough and smooth”
Provides intracellular transport and storage
Synthesizes proteins, lipids, and carbs
Rough ER
Has ribosomes
Smooth ER
Does not have ribosomes
Ribosomes
Organelles that synthesize proteins
Golgi aparatus
Forms lysosomes
Lysosomes
Remove damaged organelles
Mitochondria
Produces 95% of ATP for the cell
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Transfers energy within the cells
Nucleosis
Synthesizes RNA (ribosomes)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Single strand DNA
Nucleus
Control center. Stores and protects the cells genetic material
Cytoskeleton
Enables movement of Structures
Microvilli (Mini Cilia)
Facilitates absorption
Cilia
Moves materials over the surface of the cell
Proteasomes
Breakdown damaged intracellular proteins
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
How do molecules move within the cell
1.) Moves across lipid portion of the membrane
2.) Passing through channel protein in the membrane
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across membranes
Isotonic
Equal
Hypotonic
Higher water concentration
Lower salt concentration
Hypertonic
Lower water concentration
Higher salt concentration
Passive transport
No energy required (relies on natural movement)
Moves substances from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient)
Examples:
Diffusion (small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely)
Facilitated diffusion (larger molecules like glucose use protein channels)
Osmosis (water moves through a selectively permeable membrane)
Active transport
Requires energy (ATP)
Moves substances from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient)
Requires transport proteins or pumps
Examples:
Sodium-potassium pump (important for nerve signaling)
Endocytosis (cell engulfs material)
Exocytosis (cell expels material)
Protoplasm
a viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures (organelles).
Sperm
Male sex cell
2 types of cells
Somatic (body cells)
Sex cells (reproductive cells)
Oocytes
Female sex cells (eggs)
Extracellular
Outside the cell
Intracellular
Inside the cell
Crenation
shrinkage of a cell that occurs when too much water moves out of the cell.
Lysis
swelling and bursting of a cell that occurs when too much water enters the cell.
Endocytosis
uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cell’s protoplasm.
Phagocytosis
form of endocytosis that involves solid particles and literally means “cell eating.”
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Exocytosis
release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles.
Cilia
Hair like fibers on the outside of the cell capable of movement and moving things over the cell
Flagella
Tail like structure at the end of the cell that propels cells forward
C. Meiosis
specialized form of cell division that occurs only in the production of mature sperm and ova.
Mitosis
the division of the nucleus of a cell.
B. Epithelial tissues
tissues that cover all of the external surfaces of the body (such as the skin), cover and line organs within the body (such as the gallbladder), and make up the glands (enabling secretion and absorption to occur throughout the body).
Connective tissues
- Binds other types of tissue together.
Muscle tissues
- Tissue that overlies the framework of the skeleton; it is located within the substance of the body and invariably enclosed by connective tissue.
