Airway exam

Question 1

Emphysema

Answer 1

COPD that damages alveoli by making them rupture increasing air space instead of having smaller ones, reducing the area for gas exchange.

Question 2

bronchitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of the bronchi. Can be acute or chronic

Question 3

When to encourage a choking patient to cough

Answer 3

When a patient can cough forcefully

Question 4

Chest thrusts begin on a choking patient when…

Answer 4

A patient can no longer breath or cough

Question 5

Chest compressions on a choking patient begin when…

Answer 5

The patient is unresponsive

Question 6

bifurcation

Answer 6

a point or area where something divides into two branches or parts

Question 7

what do you do when an intubated patient’s condition changes when they are moved

Answer 7

reassess the tube

Question 8

bronchospasm

Answer 8

a condition where the muscles around the airways constrict, leading to a narrowing and obstruction of the respiratory passages, often causing symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

Question 9

bronchospasm capno waveform

Answer 9

shark fin

Question 10

subcutaneous emphysema

Answer 10

occurs when air gets into the tissues under the skin, often appearing as swelling and a crackling sensation when touched

Question 11

Dividing line of the upper and lower airway

Answer 11

vocal cords or larynx

Question 12

productive cough

Answer 12

causes mucus or phlegm

Question 13

which copd causes productive cough

Answer 13

bronchitis

Question 14

what results from hyperventilating a patient

Answer 14

respiratory alkalosis.

Question 15

visceral pleura

Answer 15

layer that covers the lungs

Question 16

chemoreceptors in the blood do what?

Answer 16

determine the ph of the blood

Question 17

where does the stimulus to breath originate

Answer 17

brainstem. mendulla ablongata and the pons

Question 18

atelectasis

Answer 18

the collapse or closure of part (or all) of a lung, which leads to reduced or absent gas exchange in that area. It essentially means that the alveoli—the tiny air sacs in the lungs—have deflated, either partially or completely.

Question 19

what relaxes smooth bronchiol muscles

Answer 19

beta agonists

Question 20

average tidal volume

Answer 20

500 mL

Question 21

If the air we breath in contains 21% oxygen, how
much oxygen remains in the air we breath out?

Answer 21

16%

Question 22

can bvm ventilation cause aspiration

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

accessory muscles

Answer 23

used to aid breathing when extra effort is needed, include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, trapezius, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and abdominal muscles

Question 24

when should you use nasotracheal intubation

Answer 24

clenched teeth

Question 25

how long can you attempt to intubate

Answer 25

30 seconds

Question 26

when should you suspect pulmonary embolus

Answer 26

long flight, recent surgery, pregnancy, trauma, birth control

Question 27

What medication reverses the effects of benzodiapines

Answer 27

romazicon

Question 28

polycythemia

Answer 28

Increased red blood cell count.

Question 29

cystic fibrosis

Answer 29

a genetic disorder primarily affecting the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus buildup that leads to breathing difficulties, lung infections, and digestive problems

Question 30

ventilating a patient too quickly does what?

Answer 30

inhibits preload and causes hypotension

Question 31

respiration

Answer 31

the exchange of oxygen of carbon dioxide between the organism and the environment.

Question 32

ventilation

Answer 32

air moving in and out of the lungs

Question 33

perfusion

Answer 33

the circulation of blood through the lung tissues

Question 34

carpopedal spasm

Answer 34

spasm of the hands related to hypocapnia

Question 35

asterixis

Answer 35

flapping of the hand during hand extension related to hypercapnia

Question 36

bullae

Answer 36

diluted, air filled spaces within the lung

Question 37

blebs

Answer 37

small, thin walled pockets of air between the lung and visceral pleura, that when ruptured, develop pneumothorax

Question 38

status athsmaticus

Answer 38

a severe, prolonged asthma attack that remains unresponsive to repeated doses of bronchodilators. It may be of sudden onset resulting from spasm of the airways.

Question 39

How does the body initially compensate for a decrease in cardiac output?

Answer 39

increasing the systemic vascular resistance

Question 40

If pCO2 is less than 35, is this a respiratory or metabolic cause (we are NOT considering any compensation here)?

Answer 40

Metabolic

Question 41

If you cause bleeding during intubation, you should?

Answer 41

suction

Question 42

Describe the hypoxic drive.

Answer 42

A respiratory drive where the primary stimulus for breathing is low oxygen levels in the blood, typically seen in patients with chronic CO2 retention, such as those with advanced COPD

Question 43

What acid-base disturbance does hyperventilation cause?

Answer 43

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 44

What are the complications of ET tube placement?

Answer 44

Trauma to teeth or airway, misplacement into the esophagus, pneumothorax, inability to ventilate, and vocal cord damage

Question 45

What are the complications of hyperventilation?

Answer 45

Respiratory alkalosis, decreased cerebral blood flow, tingling of extremities, and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 46

What are the complications of intubating a burn patient?

Answer 46

Airway edema, difficult airway visualization, increased risk of infection, and potential for worsening airway obstruction

Question 47

What is apneustic breathing?

Answer 47

A pattern of prolonged inspiration followed by a pause at full inspiration, then a brief, insufficient release

Question 48

What is orthopneia?

Answer 48

Shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat, forcing the person to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair

Question 49

When is a supraglottic airway used?

Answer 49

When intubation is not possible or contraindicated, during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as a temporary airway, or when ventilation is difficult

Question 50

When would it be necessary to remove a dual lumen airway?

Answer 50

When you can't ventilate through either port

Question 51

What is the average ET depth when measured at the teeth?

Answer 51

The average ET (endotracheal tube) depth for adults is typically around 21-23 cm at the teeth for men and 19-21 cm for women.

Question 52

If ventilations become difficult after intubation, what should you suspect?

Answer 52

Pneumothorax

Question 53

If you see an ETCO2 waveform with expiration 4x longer than inspiration, what should you suspect?

Answer 53

Bronchospasm

Question 54

If you are unable to reach around a patient to do abdominal thrusts (pregnancy or obesity), what should you do?

Answer 54

Perform chest compressions

Question 55

What do beta agonists do?

Answer 55

Relax bronchial smooth muscle

Question 56

What do alpha agonists do?

Answer 56

Constrict blood vessels, increase blood pressure, and can decrease nasal congestion.

Question 57

What do beta antagonists do?

Answer 57

Block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate, blood pressure, and the strength of heart contractions.

Question 58

What do alpha antagonists do?

Answer 58

Block alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and lower blood pressure.

Question 59

What is tidal volume?

Answer 59

The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath.

Question 60

What is minute volume?

Answer 60

The total volume of air breathed in and out in one minute.

Question 61

What is residual volume?

Answer 61

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

Question 62

What is alveolar volume?

Answer 62

The volume of air in the alveoli that is available for gas exchange.

Question 63

What type of receptors are located in the lungs?

Answer 63

Beta-2 (remember this because we have 2 lungs)