Cells Flashcards
Basic unit of all living things
Cell
These are the _______
- Cell metabolism and energy use
- Synthesis of molecules
- Communication
- Reproduction and inheritance
Functions of the cell
Cells’ ability to recognize and communicate with each other takes place through the _____________
Cell membrane
Boundary separating substances inside the cell
Intracellular
These are the __________
- Cells are complex and highly organized
- Contains genetic blueprint and machinery to use it
- Cells arise from the division of other cells
- Cells can perform variety of chemical reactions
Properties of the cell
The _________ consists of:
- 45–50% Lipids
- 45–50% Proteins
- 4–8% Carbohydrates
- Glycolipids
- Glycoproteins
- Glycocalyx
Plasma/Cell membrane
Separating substances from the outside cell.
Extracellular
Collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the outer surface.
Glycocalyx
___ and ___ are nonpolar that why the can pass through the membrane
O2 and CO2
Form a lipid bilayer
Phospholipids
The TAILS of phospholipid bilayer is ______________
Hydrophobic (repels water)
The HEADS of phospholipid bilayer is ________
Hydrophilic (attracts water)
Penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer.
Integral membrane proteins
Plasma membrane is neither rigid nor static in structure but highly flexible.
Fluid-mosaic model
Inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer.
Peripheral membrane proteins
Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify other cells of molecules.
Marker molecules
INTEGRAL PROTEINS may function as _______________
Attachment proteins
Proteins that attach cells to cells
Cadherins
Proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules
Integrins
Integral proteins that allow ions/molecules to move through the membrane.
Transport proteins
Each transport protein binds to and transport only a certain type of molecule/ion.
Specificity
Result of similar molecules binding to transport protein.
Competition
Rate of movement of molecules across membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins.
Saturation
One or more integral membrane proteins arranged forming tiny channels through the membrane.
Channel proteins
PISO
Potassium inside, Sodium outside
Can be open or closed (limited movement)
Gated Ion channels
Small molecules bind to proteins/glycoproteins.
Ligand-gated ion channels
Always open and responsible for membrane’s permeability when at rest.
Leak Ion channels/Nongated
Open or close when there is a change in membrane potential.
Voltage-Gated ion channels
Integral membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side to another.
Carrier proteins/transporters
Moves 1 specific ion/molecules.
Uniporters
movement of 2 molecules in same direction
Symporters
Movement of 2 different molecules in opposite directions.
Antiporters
Binding sites for chemical signals in the extracellular fluid.
Receptor proteins
Catalyze chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
Enzymes
Intracellular material has a ____________ composition than the extracellular material.
different
Two types of transport
Passive and Active Transport
High to low concentration of SOLUTES
Diffusion
Difference between two points divided by the distance between the two points.
Concentration gradient
Diffusion of solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower WATER concentration
Osmosis
Force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane
Osmotic pressure
Brings materials into cells using vesicles
Endocytosis
Cell-eating/Engulfing large molecules
Phagocytosis
Cell-drinking/Smaller molecules
Pinocytosis
Secretory vesicles that accumulate materials for release outside the cell
Exocytosis
Cell’s characteristics are determined by the type of ________ produced.
Proteins
Process by which information stored in the genes of DNA directs protein synthesis.
Gene Expression
Consist of NUCLEOTIDES joined together to form two nucleotide strands.
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)
DNA — RNA — PROTEIN
Gene expression
- Copying DNA into mRNA
- Double strand of DNA separates and forms mRNA
Transcription
Utilization of mRNA to produce protein
Translation
CODONS (3 nucleotide bases: ) are read by ANTICODONS (3 nucleotide bases) on ______________
Transfer RNA
The longest phase in cell division
Interphase (G0 - G1- S - G2)
Formation of 2 daughter cells
Mitosis
This is the stage of ______________
- Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes
- Spindle fibers assist breaking centromere between chromatids and move chromosomes to opposite sides
- Nuclear membrane dissolves
Prophase
Chromatids separate and call chromosomes
Anaphase
Chromosomes align in the center
Metaphase
Final phase
Telophase
Cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis
