Cells

Question 1

Unicellular organisms

Answer 1

Carry out all functions of life

Question 2

Cells

Answer 2

Small to maintain high SA to ratio for efficiency transferring materials in and out.

Question 3

Function of SA is rate of

Answer 3

Rate of exchange of materials and energy

Question 4

Function of volume is a rate of

Answer 4

Heat production, waste production, resource consumption

Question 5

Prokaryotes

Answer 5

Smallest known cell

Question 6

2 groups of prokaryotes

Answer 6

Bacteria and archaea

Question 7

What does bacteria and archaea differ

Answer 7

Differ in aa to initiate protein synthesis

Question 8

Characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 8

Have cell wall surrounding plasma membrane
Have flagella and pili
Cytoplasm with 70s ribosome
Circular DNA in nucleoid region
Can have plasmids
Divide by binary fission

Question 9

Plasmids

Answer 9

Not like nucleus, floats

Question 10

Nucleoid

Answer 10

Naked DNA with instructions for proteins
Little or no protein support DNA

Question 11

Histones

Answer 11

Protein in nucleoid

Question 12

Are DNA in prokaryotes lengthy

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Mesosome

Answer 13

Pocket of cell surface membrane
Makes cell wall
Cellular respiration and movement of DNA

Question 14

Eukaryote

Answer 14

Can be multicellular or unicellular

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

Contain DNA with proteins which has instructions for proteins

Question 16

Nuclear envelope

Answer 16

Double membrane with pores that allow flow of material in and out nucleus

Question 17

Endonembrane system ER, Golgi vesicles

Answer 17

Organelles where lipids and new polypeptides chains are modified into final proteins

Question 18

Lysosome

Answer 18

Type of vesicles that buds from the golgi membrane
Organelle of intercellular digestion

Question 19

Peoxieones

Answer 19

Sac of enzymes that break down fatty acids, alcohol, amino acids

Question 20

Mitochondria and chloroplast

Answer 20

Double layered membranes and they contain their own DNA
Mitochondria: synthesis ATP

Question 21

Central vacuole

Answer 21

Fluid filled storage sac with amino acid, sugar, ion, water, toxic waste
Large in plants, small in animals

Question 22

Is central vacuole always small in animals?

Answer 22

Usually small, not always

Question 23

Microtubule

Answer 23

Cell shape motion, growth, and structure of cillia and flagella

Question 24

Mircofilament

Answer 24

Cell shape and movement at surface

Question 25

Cell wall

Answer 25

Provide structure and support of plants and fungi

Question 26

Cellulose (cell wall)

Answer 26

Fibre

Question 27

Hemi cellulose (cell wall)

Answer 27

Collective parts in the cell wall (like glue)

Question 28

Cilia

Answer 28

Motive structures projecting from surface of cell

Question 29

Flagella

Answer 29

Same functions as cilia but not as profuse, used for cell movement

Question 30

Pili

Answer 30

Attach to the surface

Question 31

Pseudopods

Answer 31

Temporary lobes that bulge from cell

Question 32

Emergent properties

Answer 32

Individual components come together to create distinct, collective and interactive functions Do not and cannot manifest themselves unless an organism is looked at in its entirety Whole is greater than sum of parts

Question 33

Cell membrane

Answer 33

Made of phospholipid bilayer, glycolipid, sterol and proteins

Question 34

Amphipathic

Answer 34

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Question 35

Hydrophilic head

Answer 35

Polar (likes water)

Question 36

Hydrophobic tail

Answer 36

Non polar (hate water)

Question 37

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 37

Fluid quality of membranes is due to kinks in the hydrophobic tails that prevent tight packing of adjacent molecules. Can move sideways to seal Hydrophobic groups do not want to expose to water environments and will therefore naturally form environment

Question 38

Cholesterols

Answer 38

Stereo in animal cell, wedged between the phospholipid to restrain movement of the phospholipid and permeability to some solutes

Question 39

Protein

Answer 39

Can move along cell membrane but not very well since they are large May be attached to the cytoskeleton (support)

Question 40

Integral

Answer 40

Embbeded proteins, partially or spanning he membrane, usually transport

Question 41

Extrinsic or peripheral

Answer 41

On membrane surface or just inside membrane (phosphate end of phospholipid)

Question 42

Transport

Answer 42

Allow water soluble materials through passive transport, channel proteins

Question 43

Pumps

Answer 43

Active transport of molecules

Question 44

Receptor

Answer 44

Bind extra cellular substance to trigger changes in cell activities Hormone binding sites

Question 45

Recognition

Answer 45

Found in cell surface, contain oligasacchoride chains and glycoproteins to identify a cell Recognize foreign cells to fight it

Question 46

Electron transport

Answer 46

Pass electrons from carrier to carrier

Question 47

Enzymes

Answer 47

Catalyse chemical reactions along the membrane (ATP synthesis)