Cell ultrastructure 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you workout magnification

A

Image / actual size

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2
Q

How do you work out actual image size

A

Image/Magnification

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3
Q

Difference between magnification and resolution

A

Magnification is about size
Resolution is about detail example distinguishing two points

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4
Q

What does staining do

A

Make specimens visible
Provides Contrast

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5
Q

What does slicing do

A

Light can past through

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6
Q

Features of optical microscope 

A

Uses light
Magnifies ×1500
Low resolution
Uses dyes to stain to give a coloured image
Used for living specimens

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7
Q

Features of an electron microscope

A

Uses electron beams
Magnifies times 1,500,000
High resolution
Black-and-white image
Kills living specimens

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8
Q

What is scanning on an electron microscope

A

3-D image of the Surface

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9
Q

What is transmission electron microscope 

A

2-D image of internal structure

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10
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells are membrane bound
Plant cells and animal cells

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11
Q

Which microscope is to be used to see the ultrastructure of animal cells

A

Electron

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12
Q

Structure and function of the smooth ER

A

Single membrane, Cells which make a lot of lipids have a lot of smooth ER

Makes and processes lipid

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13
Q

Structure and function of the rough ER

A

Outer surface is covered with ribosomes

Makes and processes proteins

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14
Q

Structure and function of the ribosome

A

No membrane, found on Rough ER, Made of rRNA

Involved in translation of mRNA into a protein

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15
Q

Function and structure of the cell membrane

A

Bilayer of phospholipids, folded to form microvilli

Provide structure
Regulates movement of substances in and out of cells

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16
Q

Structure and function of the mitochondrion

A

Double membrane, inner membrane is folded to form Christae

Aerobic respiration to produce ATP and other metabolic intermediates such as amino acids

17
Q

Structure and function of the nucleolus and nucleus

A

Double membrane which contains nuclear pores to allow movement into an out of nucleus

Controlled activities of the cells and mix DNA mRNA tRNA and RRNA

18
Q

Structure and function of lysosomes

A

Single membrane which helps contains enzymes that would otherwise Digest the whole cell

Contains digestive enzymes for destroying worn out organelles

19
Q

Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Single membrane

Modifies and packages proteins and lipids

20
Q

How do Stem cells replace themselves

A

By division Through mitosis

21
Q

What type of cells are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated

22
Q

What are the changes which stem cells undergo to become specialised called

A

Differentiation

23
Q

What does it mean when a gene is expressed during differentiation

A

Switched on

24
Q

What do expressed genes become

A

Transcribed into MRNA which is then translated into proteins

25
Q

Features of a totipotent cell

A

Can mature into any type of body cell

26
Q

Features of a pluripotent cell

A

Can mature into any type of body cell except the cell from the placenta

27
Q

Features of a multipotent cell

A

Can mature into a limited number of cell types

28
Q

Features of a unipotent cell

A

Can only mature into one type of cell

29
Q

A
30
Q

what is splicing?

A

Occurs in the nucleus
- Cuts out Introns and joins exons to make mature mRNA