Cell ultrastructure 2 Flashcards
How do you workout magnification
Image / actual size
How do you work out actual image size
Image/Magnification
Difference between magnification and resolution
Magnification is about size
Resolution is about detail example distinguishing two points
What does staining do
Make specimens visible
Provides Contrast
What does slicing do
Light can past through
Features of optical microscope 
Uses light
Magnifies ×1500
Low resolution
Uses dyes to stain to give a coloured image
Used for living specimens
Features of an electron microscope
Uses electron beams
Magnifies times 1,500,000
High resolution
Black-and-white image
Kills living specimens

What is scanning on an electron microscope
3-D image of the Surface
What is transmission electron microscope 
2-D image of internal structure
What is a eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells are membrane bound
Plant cells and animal cells
Which microscope is to be used to see the ultrastructure of animal cells
Electron
Structure and function of the smooth ER
Single membrane, Cells which make a lot of lipids have a lot of smooth ER
Makes and processes lipid
Structure and function of the rough ER
Outer surface is covered with ribosomes
Makes and processes proteins
Structure and function of the ribosome
No membrane, found on Rough ER, Made of rRNA
Involved in translation of mRNA into a protein
Function and structure of the cell membrane
Bilayer of phospholipids, folded to form microvilli
Provide structure
Regulates movement of substances in and out of cells
Structure and function of the mitochondrion
Double membrane, inner membrane is folded to form Christae
Aerobic respiration to produce ATP and other metabolic intermediates such as amino acids
Structure and function of the nucleolus and nucleus
Double membrane which contains nuclear pores to allow movement into an out of nucleus
Controlled activities of the cells and mix DNA mRNA tRNA and RRNA
Structure and function of lysosomes
Single membrane which helps contains enzymes that would otherwise Digest the whole cell
Contains digestive enzymes for destroying worn out organelles
Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus
Single membrane
Modifies and packages proteins and lipids
How do Stem cells replace themselves
By division Through mitosis
What type of cells are stem cells
Undifferentiated
What are the changes which stem cells undergo to become specialised called
Differentiation
What does it mean when a gene is expressed during differentiation
Switched on
What do expressed genes become
Transcribed into MRNA which is then translated into proteins
Features of a totipotent cell
Can mature into any type of body cell
Features of a pluripotent cell
Can mature into any type of body cell except the cell from the placenta
Features of a multipotent cell
Can mature into a limited number of cell types
Features of a unipotent cell
Can only mature into one type of cell

what is splicing?
Occurs in the nucleus
- Cuts out Introns and joins exons to make mature mRNA
