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A-Level Biology > Cell Structure - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure - Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term eukaryotic

A

Eukaryotic means the cell contains a membrane bound nucleus

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2
Q

Define the term prokaryotic

A

Prokaryotic means that DNA is not found in a nucleus, but is found in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Identify animal, plant, algal, fungal, bacteria as either eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A
  • Animal cell = Eukaryotic
  • Plant cell = Eukaryotic
  • Algal cell = Eukaryotic
  • Fungal cell = Eukaryotic
  • Bacterial cell = Prokaryotic
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4
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Made up of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates arranged into a fluid mosaic model

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5
Q

Describe the function of the plasma membrane

A

It controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • Has a nuclear envelope (double membrane with nuclear pores)
  • Contains chromosomes
  • Contains a nucleolus
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7
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • DNA codes for polypeptides
  • Pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • The nucleolus makes ribosomes
  • DNA replication occurs here
  • mRNA and tRNA are made here
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8
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A
  • Have an inner membrane which form cristae (folding) and an outer membrane
  • Liquid found is called the matrix
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9
Q

Describe the function of the mitochondria

A
  • Sites of aerobic respiration
  • ATP is formed here
  • Folding increases surface area
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10
Q

Describe the structure of the lysosomes

A

Sacs surrounded by a single membrane. Produced by the Golgi apparatus.

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11
Q

Describe the function of the lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes called lysozymes and digest old organelles and cells and foreign molecules

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the ribosomes

A
  • Small structures which are found mostly on the endoplasmic reticulum
  • Made from ribosomal RNA and proteins
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13
Q

Describe the function of the ribosomes

A

Carry out protein synthesis

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic recticulum

A
  • Smooth reticulum contains no ribosomes.
  • Rough reticulum contains ribosomes
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15
Q

Describe the function of the endoplasmic recticulum

A

Smooth reticulum is where lipids are synthesized

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16
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins from the rough ER into vesicles for secretion

17
Q

Describe the structure of the chloroplasts

A

Has a double membrane

18
Q

Describe the function of the hloroplasts

A

The location for photosynthesis

19
Q

Describe the structure of the vacuole

A
  • Contains cell sap
  • Has a membrane called a tonoplast
20
Q

Describe the function of the vacuole

A

Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep it rigid

21
Q

What are the comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

They both contain cytoplasm and a cell surface membrane

22
Q

State the equation for magnification

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

23
Q

Define the term magnification

A

How much larger the object appears than its real size

24
Q

Define the term resolution

A

The ability to distinguish two objects that are close together, as separate objects

25
Q

Explain how optical microscopes work

A
  • Specimens are illuminated with light, which is focused using glass lenses and viewed using the eye
  • Specimens can be living or dead but often need to be stained with colour dye to make certain organelles visible
26
Q

What are the limitations of optical microscopes

A
  • Magnification is low, so only large organelles such as the nucleus can be observed
  • At higher magnifications, the microscope loses resolution
27
Q

Explain how electron microscopes work

A
  • Uses a beam of electrons rather than light
  • Beam of electrons has a very small wavelength (1nm)
  • They
28
Q

What are the limitations of electron microscopes

A
29
Q

Compare optical and electron microscopes

A
30
Q

Contrast optical and electron microscopes

A
31
Q

Compare a scanning and transmission electron microscopes

A
32
Q

Contrast a scanning and transmission electron microscopes

A
33
Q

State why pure samples of organelles are needed for study

A
34
Q

Describe the process of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation

A
35
Q

Explain why an ice-cold isotonic buffer solution is used

A

A-Level Biology (23 decks)

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