Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards
How do you work out the Magnification?
Size of image divided by the real size.
How do you work out a question. Eg, A=7.5 and M=2000.
A=7.5 M=2000 I=? M x A = I 2000 x 7.5 = 15000
What does the Nucleus do?
What does the Cytoplasm do?
What does a Cell membrane do?
The nucleus controls all the activities of the cell.
The Cytoplasm is a liquid gel where most reactions happen.
The Cell membrane controls the passage of substances such as glucose.
What does the Mitochondria do?
What is the Ribosome?
The mitochondria is the structure of the cytoplasm where aerobic respiration takes place.
The Ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place.
What is the cell wall?
What is Chlorophyll?
The cell wall strengthens the cell and gives it support.
The Chlorophyll absorbs light, turns the plant green.
What is Chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll absorbs the sunlight. Also turns the plant green
What is a permanent vacuole?
A permanent vacuole keeps the cell rigid to support the plant.
What are Eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are quite complex. They contain more cells. Plant and animal cells have these.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are quite simple. They contain less cells than eukaryotic.
What is magnification?
Magnification is the zoom and how big or small the cell is.
What is resolution?
Resolution is how clear an image is. HD is another word for resolution.
What does the nerve cell do?
The nerve cell send a message using special transmitter chemicals. They contain lots of mitochondria.
What do muscle cells do?
Muscle cells contain many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions for cells to contract and relax.
What do sperm cells do?
Sperm cells contain genetic information from the male person. They move through water or the female reproductive system to reach an egg.
What do photosynthesis cells do?
Photosynthesis cells contain green structures called chloroplasts. These cells make food for the plant.
What are do root hair cells do?
You find root hair cells close the tips of growing roots. Plants need to take in lots of water. Root hair cells help them take up water and mineral ions more efficiently.
What do Xylem cells do?
Xylem is the transportation of the tissues. It also carries water and minerals from the root hair cells to the highest leaves and shoots. It also helps support the plant.
What are Phloem cells?
Phloem cells is the transportation of food made by photosynthesis around the body if the plant. They form tubes like Xylem cells but do not die. The dissolved food can move up and down the phloem tubes to where it is needed.
What cell (Eukaryotic or prokaryotic) is bigger.
Eukaryotic cells are bigger than prokaryotic cells. They are 10um - 100um. Prokaryotic is 1um.
How big is an animal cell?
10um
How big is a plant cell?
100um
How much bigger is a plant cell to an animal cell?
Remember: 100
—- =
10
1
A plant cell is 10 Bigger than an animal cell.
How do you get from KM to M?
You need to times the KM by 1000 to get to metres.
How do you get from MM to M?
You divide the MM to M
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient. The particles spread out evenly until equilibrium is reached.
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane.
What are the factors that affect diffusion?
Increase the concentration gradient (bigger difference between the two areas)
Temperature - the higher the temperature, the faster diffusion will be.
The surface area of the exchange surface.
Shorter diffusion distance.
Why is diffusion important?
Diffusion is important for cells because it helps get all the nutrients and glucose around the cells. Delivery of nutrients, removal of waste products.
What is diffusion?
From high concentration to low concentration (until equilibrium)
Passive process
What is Active Transport?
From low concentration to high concentration.
Requires carrier proteins.
Requires energy from mitochondria (ATP)
What are the similarities of diffusion and active transport?
Movement of particles.
In/out of cells.
How do you work out ‘surface area to volume’.
Side length = 1cm. 3
Volume = 1cm x 1cm x 1cm=1cm. 2
Surface area = 6x(1cm x 1cm)=6cm
SA : V ratio = 6
–
1
SA : V ratio = 6:1
If the side length is small then…
The surface area will be large
If the side length is large then…
The surface area to volume ratio will be small.
What are new cells needed for?
New cells are needed for an organism, or a part of an organism to grow. They are also needed to replace cells that become worn out.
How many stages are in the cells pattern?
3 stages
Is Stage 1 a big stage?
Yes
Is stage 2 a big stage?
No
Is stage 3 a big stage?
No
Chromosomes
A thread like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. Carries genetic information in the form of genes.
DNA
A self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
What solution do you need to test for sugar?
Benedict’s solution
What colour does the food go after being tested for sugar?
Brick-red
What solution is tested for starch?
Iodine
What solution is tested for lipids?
Ethanol
What solution is used to test for protein?
Biuret reagent
What colour does the food in protein go?
Protein
What colour does starch foods go?
Black
What colour do lipids go?
A cloudy top
What foods had sugar in it?
Banana and Lemonade
What foods has lipids (fats)
Oil
What foods has starch?
Rice and Banana
What foods has proteins in it?
Egg white and yoghurt
What are the small molecules of Carbohydrates called?
Glucose
What are the tails for lipids called?
Fatty acids
What are the small protein molecules called?
Amino acids
Carbohydrates enzyme
Carbohydrases
In which part of the digestive system does the carbohydrases work?
In your mouth (saliva)
What are the products of the reaction
Glucose
Name of enzyme which breaks
the nutrient protein down
Protease
In which part of the digestive
system does the enzyme Proteas work?
Inside the stomach
What are the products of the
reaction
Amino acids
Name of enzyme which breaks
the nutrient lipids down
Lipase
In which part of the digestive
system does the enzyme lipase work?
Small Intestine
What are the products of the
reaction lipase?
Fatty acids and glucerole
Example of carbohydrase?
Amylase
Example of proteas
Pepcin
Example of lipase
Bile
Importance of Bile?
Bile breaks fats down
As Temperature increases:
As temperature increases, reactions increases. After optimum temperature, rate of reaction decreases drastically.
What is optimum temperature?
This is the maximum height of temperature.
What happens when an enzyme is not effected by pH?
It becomes a straight line, shows no change in reaction. As pH changes, activity stays constant.
What does hydrochloric acid give the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid gives the stomach a low pH suitable for the protease to work efficiently.
What does Alkaline bile neutralise?
Alkaline bile neutralises the acid and gives a high pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine to work well.
