Cell Structure and Function. Flashcards
Mitochondria responsibilities…
Responsible for aerobic cellular respiration and producing ATP.
Inside the mitochondria..
Double membranes, cristae, a matrix, circular DNA and ribosomes.
chloroplasts responsibility…
Photosynthesis.
Inside Chloroplasts..
Double membranes, Grana, Thylakoids, Lamellae, Stroma, Circular DNA, Ribosomes and Chlorophyll.
what are Ribosomes?
Cellular structures found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytosol.
Ribosomes responsibility..
Protein synthesis from amino acids.
Endoplasmic reticulum responsibilities..
Transporting materials within the cell, modifying and transporting proteins made by ribosomes… part of ER involved with lipid synthesis and transport.
Cristae responsibilities..
Increasing surface area for cellular respiration and ATP production.
what are Cristae?
Folds within the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
what is a Matrix?
Fluid-filled inner spaces of the mitochondria where cellular activities occur.
what are Grana/Granum?
Stacks of membranes within chloroplasts that contain thylakoids where photosynthesis occurs.
What is a Thylakoid?
Individual membrane within Grana. Light dependent photosynthesis takes place.
What is Lamellae?
structures that join Grana within chloroplasts which aid in the functioning of photosynthesis
What is Stroma?
Fluid filling the empty spaces within chloroplasts. light dependent photosynthesis takes place.
What are transport vesicles?
Vesicles that transport substances from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus for further processing and secretion.
what is ATP?
Molecule that stores and carries energy within cells and is produced due to aerobic cellular respiration in the mitochondria, also used in other cellular processes.
DNA
“Deoxyribonucleic acid” Genetic material found in Mitochondria’s and Chloroplasts.
DNA responsibilities..
Encoding essential proteins for their functioning.
What is Chlorophyll?
The green pigment found in chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll Responsibilities…
Capturing energy from the sun during photosynthesis.
What are Proteins?
Complex molecules constructed by ribosomes.
Protein responsibilties…
Known for regulating cells, tissues, organs and essential for the cell structure and function.
What are Amino Acids?
they are the building blocks of proteins. Most are made from the body but some come out of diet.
What are Enzymes?
Biological catalysts that are essential for various metabolic processes.
What is a Golgi Apparatus?
A system of flattened membrane sacks.
Golgi Apparatus responsibilities…
Modifying the final variation of proteins and packaging for secretion.
What are Vacuole?
A membrane sack used for storing material inside cells. They are large and permanent in plant cells while being small and temporary in animal cells.
What are lysosomes?
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down old organelles and pathogens.
What are Plastids?
Organelles responsible for containing and synthesizing colored pigments.
what are Leucoplasts?
A type of colourless plastid.
what are Chromoplasts?
a type of plastid.
Leucoplasts responsibility..
starch storage.
Chromoplasts responsibility…
Giving flowers their colour. (yellow, orange or red pigments.)
What is a cytoskeleton?
A structure of microtubules and microfilaments which provide cell shape, form and movement of organelles.
what are microtubules?
Fibres made up of tubulin which form the spindle during cell division and flagella for cell movement.
what are microfilaments?
Fibres made of actin which allow muscle cell contraction and cytoplasmic streaming.
What is a cell wall?
The supportive structure of a cell. in plants its made up of cellulose, chitin in fungi and murein in bacteria.
What is compartmentalisation?
the formation of organelle compartments which all have different conditions
What are cells?
The basic units of life.
What are prokaryotes?
Simple cells that DON’T have a nucleus.
What are Eukaryotes?
Complex cells that DO have a nucleus.
What do all cells have?
A plasma membrane.
Inside a Eukaryote…
- Nuclear Membrane
- Nucleoplasm
- Cytoplasm
- Cytosol
- Vesicle
What is Nucleoplasm?
The material inside the nuclear membrane.
What is Cytoplasm?
Everything between the Plasma and the Nuclear membrane
What is Cytosol?
The liquid part of Cytoplasm.
What are vesicles?
Bubble of membrane thats used as transport.
The plasma membrane is also known as…
The cell membrane.
What is the cell membrane made up of?
It is a lipid bilayer thats made up of phospholipids.
What are phospholipids made of?
Lipids with a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail.
The phosphate head of a phospholipid is..
Hydrophilic (likes water)
The fatty acid tail of a phospholipid is..
Hydrophobic (doesnt like water)
Channel proteins are..
proteins which allow other proteins to flow through without restriction.
Carrier proteins are…
Proteins which allow only certain proteins to flow through.
The Plasma membrane is…
Semi permeable. Only allowing certain materials to enter and exit.
What does hypertonic mean…
A solute with a high conentration.
What does hypotonic mean…
A solute with a low concentration.
What does isotonic mean…
Solutes with equal concentration.
What is osmosis?
The process of water molecules passing through the membrane.
Rule of osmosis..
Net Movement of water molecules is from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.. or hypertonic to hypotonic.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from highly concentrated solutes to low concentrated solutes.
what is simple diffusion?
Small uncharged particles or lipid soluble molecules that pass through the lipid bilayer.
Active transport..
Moves substances against a concentrated gradient and transports the large charged atoms, ions and molecules.
Bulk transport…
Moves substances through the formation of vesicles.
What is endocytosis?
Movement into a cell from the outside environment.
What is exocytosis?
Movement out of a cell from the inside environment.
What is Facilitated diffusion?
A passive process which moves molecules down a concentration gradient. This is where glucose can enter cells using a carrier protein.
What does facilitated diffusion use?
- Carrier proteins or protein channels
- Molecules
- Polar molecules
- Some ions
