Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Organisms, Cell Size, # Organelles, DNA

Answer 1

Question 2

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

RNA & protein, Cytoplasm, Cell Division, Cellular Organization

Answer 2

Question 3

Molecule Transport Across Membrane
(Passive and Facilitated Diffusion)

Answer 3

Passive: Diffusion of small solute molecules across the membrane
Facilitated: Allows more rapid diffusion by increasing permeability of the membrane

Question 4

Active Transport

Answer 4

Transport against a concentration gradient

ussually requires energy and a carrier protien in membrane

Question 5

Transport of Polymeric Compounds

Large Susbtrates

Answer 5

Extracellular enzymes are secreted to break down polymer outside the cell

Question 6

Prokaryotic Protein Transport

Answer 6

Secreated proteins have a “signal transport”
It contains many hydrophobic amino acids that can interact with the membrane

Question 7

Eukaryotic Protein Transport

Answer 7

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Both involve energy and engulfment of a substance inside a membrane

Question 8

Cell Wall

general

Answer 8

Generally a relative porous structure
Protects cell

Question 9

Gram Positive vs Gram Negative

Answer 9

Gram negative bacteria contains an extra membrane, the outer membrane is less permeable to larger hydrophobic and surfactant molecules.

Thus, gram negative is less sensitive to antibiotics

Question 10

Flagellum

Answer 10

Flexible, long appendage on cells used for locomotion

consist of protein named flagellin

Question 11

Eukaryotic Organelles: Nucleus

4 parts

Answer 11

Nucleolus: Intracellular body, site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
Nuclear Envelope: Inner and outer nuclear membrane
Nuclear Pore: Opening in Nuclear Envelope. Molecules are selectively trasported trought pores
Chromosomes: Several level of folding resulting in tightly packed DNA. Histones involved

Question 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 12

ER membrane is continous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
Is highly convoluted and it forms a continous sheet encolusing a single closed sac (lumen)
ER lumen is separated from cytoplasm by ER membrane

ER membrane and ER lumen

Question 13

Rough ER

Answer 13

Involved in protein synthesis and processing
Abundant in cells specializing in protein secretion

No difference on Ribosomes on RER and Cytoplasm

Question 14

Smooth ER

Answer 14

Major function is Lipid Metabolism

Question 15

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 15

Composed of numerous sets of membrane bound smoot surfaces sacs
Functions: Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion from cell and for transfer to other organells.

Proteins synthesized on RER are usually transferred to Golgi

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

Powerhouse of the cell
Contains own DNA and ribosomes
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother only

Question 17

Chloroplasts

Answer 17

Found in photosyntetic eukaryotes
Converts light energy to chemical energy

Question 18

Lysosomes

Answer 18

Membraneous bag of hydrolytic enzymes
Used for controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

Involved in determining distinct shape of cell and its high degree of internal organization
Involved in changing cell shape and repositioning internal organelles

Proteins fiber composing structural framework of eukaryotic cells

Question 20

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Answer 20

Used in large cells to increase rate at which substrateds, enzymes, and other factors move within tcell

Involves: Protein Interaction and Energy (ATP)

Question 21

Basic structures of viruses and role

Answer 21

Question 22

Basic structures bacterial spores and the role

Answer 22

Resting body that is resistant to unfavroable nevironm,ental conditions that can generate viable vegetative cells in favorable conditions
Role:Usually formed in response to adverse environmental conditions