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Biology Module 2 > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

usually unicellular, small cells with no membrane-bound internal structures and circular DNA.

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells examples

A

Bacteria, E. coli, Archaea

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

those cells that contain a nucleus and organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane.

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cell examples

A

Plant and animal

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5
Q

Cell wall in eukaryotic cells

A

made of cellulose/lignin in plants and made of chitin in fungi

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6
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotic cells

A

Made of peptidoglycan

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7
Q

How does a eukaryotic cell divide

A

Mitosis or meiosis

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8
Q

How does a prokaryotic cell divide

A

Binary fission

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9
Q

Size of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic - Ribosomes structurally larger - 80 S
Prokaryotic- Ribosomes structurally smaller - 70 S

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10
Q

Organelles in plant cells

A

Golgi vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Amyloplast
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast

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11
Q

Organelles in animal cells

A

Golgi vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Centrosome
Lysosome
Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Organelles in animal cells but not plant

A

Centrosome
Lysosome

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13
Q

Centriole

A

• a component of the cytoskeleton
• in eukaryotes
• Hollow fires made of microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement
• Two centrioles at right angles to each other form a centrosome

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14
Q

Centrosome

A

organises the spindle fires during cell division
- anaphase

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration
Surrounded by double-membrane with the inner membrane folded to form cristae
• Liquid compartment = Matrix
• The matrix contains enzymes
• contains DNA + ribosomes

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16
Q

Ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis
• Formed in the nucleolus
• Found freely in the cytoplasm or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromatin
• relatively large
• Separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane - nuclear envelope
• Contain nucleolus

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of dna and histone proteins

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19
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production

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20
Q

Golgi body + vesicles

A

folds, packages and modifies proteins.
• Produces secretary vesicles (lysosomes) = transport the proteins and lipids

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • break down waste materials such as worn-out organelles
    • Specialist form of vesicle
    • Contains hydrolytic enzymes (break down)
    Used by the immune system and in apoptosis
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22
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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23
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis
• Larger than mitochondria
• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form grana - grana joined together by lamellae
• liquid part = stroma

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24
Q

Plasma membrane

A

partially permeable membrane that controls the exchange of materials between internal and external environment

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25
Flagellum
Similar in structure to cilia - made from the plasma membrane + a bundle of 11 microtubules • Contract to provide cell movement for example in sperm cells
26
Nuclear envelope
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm • Contains nuclear pores - allows mRNA and ribosomes to travel out of nucleus and allows enzymes and signalling molecules to travel in.
27
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
folds proteins into their 3d shape and packages. • Found in plant and animal cells • Surface covered in ribosomes
28
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- no ribosomes on surface - folds and packages lipids, specifically cholesterol and steroid hormones
29
Cilia
- hair-like structures - Made from the plasma membrane and 11 microtubules - Allows the movement of substances over the cell surface eg. Mucus
30
Goblet cells
secrete mucus which helps to trap dust, dirt and microorganisms - preventing them from entering vital organs where they may cause infection
31
Nucleolus + nuclear envelope where
Plant and animal cells
32
RER AND SER WHERE
plant and animal cells
33
Golgi body where
Animal and plant cells
34
Ribosomes where
Plant and animal and prokaryotic cells
35
Mitochondria where
Plant and animal cells
36
Lysosomes where
Animal cells
37
Chloroplasts where
Plant cells
38
Plasma membrane where
Animal and plant cells
39
Centrioles where
Animal cells
40
Cell wall where
Plant cells and prokaryotic
41
Flagella where
Prokaryotic cells
42
Cilia where
Eukaryotic
43
Function of cytoskeleton
- mechanical strength - movement of vesicles within cell - maintains cell shape - formation of flagella
44
Structure of cilia
2 central micrutubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules arranged like a wheel • The pairs slide over each other to make the cilia move
45
How is the flagella of a prokaryote different to flagella on eukaryotes?
Thinner Doesn't have the 9+2 arrangement Rotary movement energy comes from chemiosmosis (proton driven), not ATP
46
How are proteins made + transported
- THE NUCLEOLUS MANUFACTURES RIBOSOMES FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE RER (ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM) - THE NUCLEUS MANUFACTURES mRNA, WHICH IS NEEDED BY RIBOSOMES TO MAKE PROTEINS THE RIBOSOMES IN THE RER MAKE PROTEINS - THE RER PROCESSES THE PROTEINS WHICH ARE THEN SENT IN VESICLES TO THE GOLGI BODY - THE GOLGI BODY FURTHER PROCESSES THE PROTEINS AND SENDS THEM IN VESICLES TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE - THE VESICLES FUSE WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO SECRETE THE FINISHED PROTEIN PRODUCT
47
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells are much smaller Prokaryotic have.. • no membrane-bound organelles • smaller ribosomes • No nucleus • A cell wall made of peptidoglycan
48
Organelle unique to prokaryotic cells
Plasmid
49
Organelles involved in protein synthesis
Nucleus Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Golgi apparatus Cell surface membrane
50
What is the cytoskeleton
an extensive network of protein fibres, within the cytoplasm
51
What is the cytoskeleton made up from
Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate fibres
52
Microfilaments
are solid strands • mostly made of the protein actin. • can cause some cell movement and the movement of some organelles within cells by moving against each other
53
Microtubules
tubular (hollow) strands that are mostly made of the protein tubulin. • Organelles and other cell contents are moved along these fibres using ATP to drive this movement
54
Examples of cytoskeleton being important for transport within the cell
the movement of vesicles and the movement of chromosomes to opposite ends of a cell during cell division
55
Structures only found in plant cells
cellulose cell wall, large permanent vacuoles and chloroplasts
56
Difference between cilia and flagellum
Cilia is short + flagella is long
57
Undulipodia
A projection from a prokaryotic cell. Made from the plasma membrane and a spiral of protein called flagellin.
58
Motor proteins
protein that transports organelles along microtubules. It connects to the organelle and slides along the microtubule
59
What type of extra cellular protein is secreted at vesicles
enzyme / (peptide) hormone / glycoprotein;
60
How can you tell the difference between Gogol body and ER in a diagram
Golgi body does NOT touch
61
Are lysosomes membrane bound
Yes
62
Is the Golgi body membrane bound
Yes
63
Is the ER membrane bound
Yes
64
Are ribosomes membrane bound
No
65
Are centrioles membrane bound
No
66
Is the cytoskeleton membrane bound
No
67
You can't just say vacuole anymore, when talking about the differences between plant and animal cells. What must you say
Large, permanent vacuole
68
Where is RNA found
Nucleolus
69
Where is dna found
Nucleus
70
How does gram staining work
All bacteria - positive or negative Gram positive = purple Gram negative = pink
71
What is the plasmodesmata
small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells.
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Biology Module 2 (11 decks)

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