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Biology Module 2 > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

usually unicellular, small cells with no membrane-bound internal structures and circular DNA.

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells examples

A

Bacteria, E. coli, Archaea

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

those cells that contain a nucleus and organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane.

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cell examples

A

Plant and animal

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5
Q

Cell wall in eukaryotic cells

A

made of cellulose/lignin in plants and made of chitin in fungi

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6
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotic cells

A

Made of peptidoglycan

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7
Q

How does a eukaryotic cell divide

A

Mitosis or meiosis

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8
Q

How does a prokaryotic cell divide

A

Binary fission

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9
Q

Size of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic - Ribosomes structurally larger - 80 S
Prokaryotic- Ribosomes structurally smaller - 70 S

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10
Q

Organelles in plant cells

A

Golgi vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Amyloplast
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast

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11
Q

Organelles in animal cells

A

Golgi vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Centrosome
Lysosome
Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Organelles in animal cells but not plant

A

Centrosome
Lysosome

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13
Q

Centriole

A

• a component of the cytoskeleton
• in eukaryotes
• Hollow fires made of microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement
• Two centrioles at right angles to each other form a centrosome

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14
Q

Centrosome

A

organises the spindle fires during cell division
- anaphase

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration
Surrounded by double-membrane with the inner membrane folded to form cristae
• Liquid compartment = Matrix
• The matrix contains enzymes
• contains DNA + ribosomes

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16
Q

Ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis
• Formed in the nucleolus
• Found freely in the cytoplasm or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromatin
• relatively large
• Separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane - nuclear envelope
• Contain nucleolus

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of dna and histone proteins

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19
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production

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20
Q

Golgi body + vesicles

A

folds, packages and modifies proteins.
• Produces secretary vesicles (lysosomes) = transport the proteins and lipids

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • break down waste materials such as worn-out organelles
    • Specialist form of vesicle
    • Contains hydrolytic enzymes (break down)
    Used by the immune system and in apoptosis
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22
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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23
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis
• Larger than mitochondria
• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form grana - grana joined together by lamellae
• liquid part = stroma

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24
Q

Plasma membrane

A

partially permeable membrane that controls the exchange of materials between internal and external environment

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25
Q

Flagellum

A

Similar in structure to cilia
- made from the plasma membrane + a bundle of 11 microtubules
• Contract to provide cell movement for example in sperm cells

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26
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• Contains nuclear pores - allows mRNA and ribosomes to travel out of nucleus and allows enzymes and signalling molecules to travel in.

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27
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

folds proteins into their 3d shape and packages.
• Found in plant and animal cells
• Surface covered in ribosomes

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28
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • no ribosomes on surface
  • folds and packages lipids, specifically cholesterol and steroid hormones
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29
Q

Cilia

A
  • hair-like structures
  • Made from the plasma membrane and 11 microtubules
  • Allows the movement of substances over the cell surface eg. Mucus
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30
Q

Goblet cells

A

secrete mucus which helps to trap dust, dirt and microorganisms - preventing them from entering vital organs where they may cause infection

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31
Q

Nucleolus + nuclear envelope where

A

Plant and animal cells

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32
Q

RER AND SER WHERE

A

plant and animal cells

33
Q

Golgi body where

A

Animal and plant cells

34
Q

Ribosomes where

A

Plant and animal and prokaryotic cells

35
Q

Mitochondria where

A

Plant and animal cells

36
Q

Lysosomes where

A

Animal cells

37
Q

Chloroplasts where

A

Plant cells

38
Q

Plasma membrane where

A

Animal and plant cells

39
Q

Centrioles where

A

Animal cells

40
Q

Cell wall where

A

Plant cells and prokaryotic

41
Q

Flagella where

A

Prokaryotic cells

42
Q

Cilia where

A

Eukaryotic

43
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical strength
  • movement of vesicles within cell
  • maintains cell shape
  • formation of flagella
44
Q

Structure of cilia

A

2 central micrutubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules arranged like a wheel
• The pairs slide over each other to make the cilia move

45
Q

How is the flagella of a prokaryote different to flagella on eukaryotes?

A

Thinner
Doesn’t have the 9+2 arrangement
Rotary movement
energy comes from chemiosmosis (proton driven), not ATP

46
Q

How are proteins made + transported

A
  • THE NUCLEOLUS MANUFACTURES RIBOSOMES FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE RER (ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
  • THE NUCLEUS MANUFACTURES mRNA, WHICH IS NEEDED BY RIBOSOMES TO MAKE PROTEINS
    THE RIBOSOMES IN THE RER MAKE PROTEINS
  • THE RER PROCESSES THE PROTEINS WHICH ARE THEN SENT IN VESICLES TO THE GOLGI BODY
  • THE GOLGI BODY FURTHER PROCESSES THE PROTEINS AND SENDS THEM IN VESICLES TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • THE VESICLES FUSE WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO SECRETE THE FINISHED PROTEIN PRODUCT
47
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller

Prokaryotic have..
• no membrane-bound organelles
• smaller ribosomes
• No nucleus
• A cell wall made of peptidoglycan

48
Q

Organelle unique to prokaryotic cells

A

Plasmid

49
Q

Organelles involved in protein synthesis

A

Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Golgi apparatus
Cell surface membrane

50
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

an extensive network of protein fibres, within the cytoplasm

51
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up from

A

Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate fibres

52
Q

Microfilaments

A

are solid strands
• mostly made of the protein actin.
• can cause some cell movement and the movement of some organelles within cells by moving against each other

53
Q

Microtubules

A

tubular (hollow) strands that are mostly made of the protein tubulin.
• Organelles and other cell contents are moved along these fibres using ATP to drive this movement

54
Q

Examples of cytoskeleton being important for transport within the cell

A

the movement of vesicles and the movement of chromosomes to opposite ends of a cell during cell division

55
Q

Structures only found in plant cells

A

cellulose cell wall, large permanent vacuoles and chloroplasts

56
Q

Difference between cilia and flagellum

A

Cilia is short + flagella is long

57
Q

Undulipodia

A

A projection from a prokaryotic cell.
Made from the plasma membrane and a spiral of protein called flagellin.

58
Q

Motor proteins

A

protein that transports organelles along microtubules.
It connects to the organelle and slides along the microtubule

59
Q

What type of extra cellular protein is secreted at vesicles

A

enzyme / (peptide) hormone / glycoprotein;

60
Q

How can you tell the difference between Gogol body and ER in a diagram

A

Golgi body does NOT touch

61
Q

Are lysosomes membrane bound

A

Yes

62
Q

Is the Golgi body membrane bound

A

Yes

63
Q

Is the ER membrane bound

A

Yes

64
Q

Are ribosomes membrane bound

A

No

65
Q

Are centrioles membrane bound

A

No

66
Q

Is the cytoskeleton membrane bound

A

No

67
Q

You can’t just say vacuole anymore, when talking about the differences between plant and animal cells. What must you say

A

Large, permanent vacuole

68
Q

Where is RNA found

A

Nucleolus

69
Q

Where is dna found

A

Nucleus

70
Q

How does gram staining work

A

All bacteria - positive or negative
Gram positive = purple
Gram negative = pink

71
Q

What is the plasmodesmata

A

small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells.

72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q
A
77
Q

iii

A
78
Q
A

Biology Module 2 (11 decks)

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