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Biology Module 2 > 3. Nucleotides And Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

3. Nucleotides And Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA and RNA are…

A

Polymers

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2
Q

What monomer makes up DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

3 components of nucleotide

A

• a pentose sugar
• a nitrogen-containing organic base
• a phosphate group

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4
Q

Where is the hydrogen on the DNA nucleotide

A

2nd position

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5
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA nucleotide

A

adenine (A), cytosine(C), guanine(G) or thymine(T)

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6
Q

Components of RNA nucleotides

A

A ribose sugar with a hydroxyl (OH) group at the 2’ position o A phosphate group
o One of four nitrogenous bases - adenine (A), cytosine(C), guanine(G) or uracil (U)

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7
Q

What is the function of the hydroxyl group on the 2nd carbon in RNA nucleotide

A

• makes RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis
• This is why DNA is the storage molecule and RNA is the transport molecule with a shorter molecular lifespan

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8
Q

Draw RNA nucleotide

A
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9
Q

Draw DNA nucleotide

A
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10
Q

Define purine

A

nitrogenous base that has two rings

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11
Q

Shape of larger ring in purines

A

Hexagon

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12
Q

Shape of smaller ring in purines

A

Pentagon

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13
Q

What bases are purine

A

Adenine and guanine

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14
Q

Define pyrimidine

A

A nitrogenous base contains only one hexagonal ring

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15
Q

What bases are pyrimidine

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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16
Q

Difference between dna and rna

A
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17
Q

How does RNA and DNA form

A

Condensation reaction

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18
Q

Where does the condensation reaction occur between nucleotides

A

between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide

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19
Q

What type of bond does the condensation reaction form

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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20
Q

Draw a polynucleotide

A
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21
Q

The chain of alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars produced as a result of many phosphodiester bonds is known as.

A

The sugar phosphate backbone

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22
Q

Use of ATP

A
  • anabolic reactions
  • metabolic reactions
  • muscle contraction
  • conduction of nerve impulses
  • movement of substances
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23
Q

Examples of nucleotides

A

DNA, RNA, ATO

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24
Q

ATP is a type of…

A

Nucleic acid

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25
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Three phosphate groups = adenosine
triphosphate(ATP)

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26
Q

Adenosine w 1 phosphate group

A

adenosine monophosphate(AMP)

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27
Q

Adenosine with 2 phosphate groups

A

adenosine diphosphate(ADP)

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28
Q

What is adenosine

A

Nucleoside

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29
Q

What is DNA molecules made up of

A

two polynucleotide strands lying side by side, running in opposite directions
- the strands are said to be antiparallel

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30
Q

What are the bonds in the sugar phosphate backbone

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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31
Q

Where does the Phosphodiester bond occur

A

the 5-carbon of one deoxyribose sugar molecule to the phosphate group from the same nucleotide, which is itself linked by another phosphodiester bond to the 3-carbon of the deoxyribose sugar molecule of the next nucleotide in the strand

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32
Q

Where does the Phosphodiester bond occur

A

the 5-carbon of one deoxyribose sugar molecule to the phosphate group from the same nucleotide, which is itself linked by another phosphodiester bond to the 3-carbon of the deoxyribose sugar molecule of the next nucleotide in the strand

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33
Q

What does 3’ and 5’ mean

A

Each DNA polynucleotide strand is said to have a 3’ end and a 5’ end (these numbers relate to which carbon on the pentose sugar could be bonded with another nucleotide)
o As the strands run in opposite directions (they are antiparallel), one is known as the 5’ to 3’ strand and the other is known as the 3’ to 5’ strand

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34
Q

How are the two antiparallel polynucleotide strands held together

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases

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35
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T

A

2

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36
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between G and C

A

3

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37
Q

DNA shape

A

Double helix

38
Q

What process Is dna copied via

A

Semi conservative replication

39
Q

Why is it called semi-conservative replication

A
  • one original strand and one new strand
    Each strand acts as a template strand
40
Q

What is the importance of semi-conservative replication

A

Retaining one original DNA strand ensures there is genetic continuity (i.e. genetic information is conserved) between generations of cells

41
Q

DNA replication steps

A
  • DNA unwinds = catalysed by enzyme gyrase
  • DNA unzips into 2 = hydrogen bonds break = catalysed by helicase
  • free floating DNA nucleotides combine with complementary bases that are exposed (AT AND CG)
  • catalysed by enzyme DNA polymerase = formation of Phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
42
Q

What direction does dna polymerase work

A

5’ to 3’

43
Q

Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds

A

Helicase

44
Q

Which enzyme catalyses condensation reaction between deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

A

DNA polymerase

45
Q

How often do mistakes get made in dna replication (mutations)

A

Very very rarely

46
Q

How would mistakes in dna replication occur

A

Bases being inserted into the complementary strand in the wrong order
• An extra base being inserted by accident o A base being left out by accident

47
Q

define Gene

A

Section of dna that codes for a specific protein

48
Q

What is a codon

A

Triplet on mRNA

49
Q

Anticodon

A

triplet on tRNA

50
Q

Triplet code

A

3 bases on DNA = 1 amino acid

51
Q

Some of the triplets code for..

A

Start and stop

52
Q

Features of the genetic code

A

Non-overlapping
Degenerate
Universal

53
Q

Mutation

A

change is DNA sequence = due to an incorrect
sequence in the newly copied strand

54
Q

Start codon

A

beginning of a gene = signals start of a sequence that codes for a protein

55
Q

Middle of gene

A

codes for the amino acid

56
Q

‘Stop’ codons

A

Signals end of sequence

57
Q

Non overlapping

A

Each base is only read once in which codon it is part of

58
Q

What does degenerate mean

A

multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

59
Q

What does universal mean

A

almost every organism uses the same code
o The same triplet codes code for the same amino acids in all living things
o + is why genetic engineering is possible

60
Q

Role of tRNA

A

tRNA molecules that transfer amino acids possess anticodons which are complementary to the codons on mRNA

61
Q

Stage 1 of protein synthesis

A

Transcription - DNA is transcribed and an mRNA molecule is produced

62
Q

Stage 2 of protein synthesis

A

o Translation - mRNA (messenger RNA) is translated and an amino acid sequence is produced

63
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

Nucleus

64
Q

Similarities = DNA replication and transcription

A
  • DNA unwinds and unzips
  • helicase enzymes
  • free activated nucleotides
65
Q

Differences = DNA replication and transcription

A
  • only small section of DNA unzips during transcription
  • RNA vs DNA free nucleotides
  • RNA vs DNA polymerase
66
Q

Why’s transcription necessary for polypeptide synthesis

A
  • DNA transcribed to mRNA
  • RNA goes to ribosomes
  • DNA is too large to leave nucleus
67
Q

How does transcription occur

A
  • DNA unwinds = catalysed by enzyme gyrase
  • DNA unzips into two = hydrogen bonds break = catalysed by helicase
  • free floating RNA nucleotides bind to complementary bases on DNA strand = catalysed by RNA polymerase + Phosphodiester bonds are formed between the nucleotides
  • strand of mRNA forms + detaches from DNA + leaves nucleus through nuclear pore
  • DNA double helix reforms + mRNA molecule travels to ribosome
68
Q

Template strand

A

RNA nucleotides pair with bases on this strand of the DNA molecule = produce mRNA molecule

69
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Cytoplasm = ribosomes

70
Q

Translation

A
  • mRNA binds to a specific site on the small subunit of a ribosome
  • tRNA molecules carrying the complementary anticodons to the mRNA codon bind using temporary hydrogen bonds.
  • tRNA molecules carry an amino acid corresponding to that codon
  • As anticodons bind to complementary codons, the amino acids are brought together + peptide bonds form between the amino acids
  • forms primary structure of protein coded for by the mRNA
71
Q

What type of sugar does ATP have

A

Ribose - OH on 2nd and 3rd carbons

72
Q

What type of sugar does DNA have

A

Deoxyribose = H on 2nd carbon

73
Q

What type of sugar does RNA have

A

Ribose

74
Q

Is atp recycled

A

YES

75
Q

Instead of calling them free nucleotides what should we call them

A

Free, activated nucleotides

76
Q

Is there any diff in helicase between DNA and RNA

A

YES

77
Q

Why grind the sample?

A

To break down the cell wall

78
Q

Mix the sample with detergent

A

It breaks down the cell membrane by dissolving the phospholipids

79
Q

Add salt

A

Neutralise the charge of DNA so it becomes insoluble by breaking hydrogen bonds between water and DNA

80
Q

Add protease enzyme

A

Helps to digest histone proteins so your left with just DNA

81
Q

Add layer of ice cold alcohol

A

Helps DNA precipitate out of solution

82
Q
A
83
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84
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85
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86
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88
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90
Q
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Biology Module 2 (11 decks)

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