cell respiration 1

Question 1

Cellular respiration/ATP

Answer 1

Cellular respiration is the gradual and controlled release of energy by breaking down organic compounds to produce ATP. ATP is a molecule that carries energy within the cell. Energy is produced when ATP is hydrolysed.

Question 1

The processes of cellular respiration

Answer 1

The three main processes of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, whereas the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria.

Question 2

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 2

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm as it involves only glycolysis. The two types of anaerobic respiration are alcoholic fermentation, which occurs in yeast, and lactic acid fermentation, which occurs in animal muscle cells. Anaerobic respiration produces a smaller amount of ATP than aerobic respiration.

Question 3

Alcoholic versus lactic acid fermentation

Answer 3

Alcoholic fermentation takes glucose and converts it to ethanol, CO2, and 2 ATP molecules. Lactic acid fermentation takes glucose and converts it to lactate and 2 ATP molecules.

Question 4

Aerobic respiration

Answer 4

Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. This is because all 4 steps of cellular respiration are completed, whereas in anaerobic respiration, only glycolysis is. Aerobic respiration takes glucose and oxygen and converts it to CO2, water, and ATP.

Question 5

Respirometer

Answer 5

A respirometer is a tool used to measure the rate of respiration of an individual. It is done by measuring the consumption of oxygen as an indication of the respiration rate, because aerobic respiration takes oxygen and converts it into CO2 and water.

Question 6

Redox reactions

Answer 6

Redox reactions involve one compound being oxidized, while another compound being reduced. Redox reactions involve the gain or loss of electrons, making the negatively charged particles carriers of energy. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, whereas reduction is the gain of electrons from a substance.

Question 7

Phosphorylation

Answer 7

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphoryl group to a molecule. This reaction makes the molecule more reactive.

Question 8

Glucose and glycolysis

Answer 8

Glucose is the main food molecule for cellular respiration. Glycolysis is the process where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

The internal structure of mitochondria allows for complex reactions to take place. These reactions have specific requirements such as pH, concentration gradients, and membrane structures.

Question 10

Cristae

Answer 10

Cristae is found within the mitochondria. Cristae forms a large surface area that increases the proton concentration gradient that is necessary for ATP synthase to function.