Cell Organelles2

Question 1

Nucleus surrounded by the

Answer 1

nuclear envelope

Question 2

what is contained within nucleus

Answer 2

chromosomes
one or more nucleoli

Question 3

what is a nucleoli and what is it involed in:

Answer 3

they are dark, staining masses of protein and nucleic acids
rRNA synthesis

Question 4

what is endoplasmic reticulum
where does it lead

Answer 4

-Network of tubules and flattened sacs
-goes through cytoplasm and connects to nuclear envelope- transports

Question 5

Rough ER

Answer 5

ER membrane tubes studded with ribosomes

Question 6

Smooth ER

Answer 6

ER membrane tubes without ribosomes

Question 7

ER principle funtions
linked? what do they enclose?
what do they regulate?

Answer 7

-Synthesizing, processing, and sorting proteins.
-synthesize array of lipids
-regulate cystolic calcium
-all ER are linked and enclose single lumen via plasmadomata

Question 8

Golgi apparatus

Answer 8

-stacks of membranes, gives rise to vessicles

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

surrounded by a double membrane
Area for respiration,
converting sugars to ATP

Question 10

Primary function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

synthesize carbohydrates for glycoprotein, cell wall, and vacuole

Question 11

Vacuoles, what is it enclosed by

Answer 11

-Enclosed by memrane known as tonoplast(single layer)
- makes more than 30% of cell volume

Question 12

Primary functions of vacuole

Answer 12

-Storage: metabolites can be retrieved from vacuoles
-Digestion: contains enzymes like protases, nuclases, glycosidases, and lipases
-PH homeostasis: all enzymes have optimal ph –> regulates activity in cytosol
defence:

Question 13

how does vacuole defend cell

Answer 13

-phenolic compound(bitter)
-alkaloids
-cyanogenic(hard to breathe)
-protases inhibitors(tummy ache or starvation)
-cell wall degrading enzymes
-latexes
-heavy metals–leaves are shed on regular basis

Question 14

what is contained in vacuoles that causes pigmentation

Answer 14

anthocyanin–> blueberries and shit

Question 15

Flavonols

Answer 15

pigment that screens out UV protecting leaf from UV

Question 16

Proplastid

Answer 16

Precursor to other plastid

Question 17

Amyloplast

Answer 17

Plastid
unpigmented that contains starch, common on storage organs

Question 18

Leucoplast

Answer 18

plastid
-colorless
-involved in synthesis of monoterpenes
-secretory glands(citrus peel)

Question 19

Chromoplast

Answer 19

synthesize and accumulate xanthophyll, CAROTEnoid
red orange and yellow

Question 20

Etioplast

Answer 20

plastids where devellopment from proplastid to chloroplast has been stopped by no or low light

Question 21

Chloroplast

Answer 21

contain CHLOROPHYLL
energy capture and photosynthesis
bonded by double membrane
thylakoid network

Question 22

What are the 2 domains of the thylakoid network

Answer 22

Stacked grana thalakoid
unstacked stoma thalakoid

Question 23

what is contained in the thalakoid membrane, and what surrounds the thalakoids

Answer 23

chlorophyll contained in thalakoid membranes
stroma is the fluid surrounding thalakoids

Question 24

What do chloroplasts in plants grown in the shade have in common?

Answer 24

They have more grana (stacks) and more thalakoid per granum(thicker stacks)

Question 25

where do chloroplasts accumulate when a leaf is exposed to direct sunlight?

Answer 25

they accumulate on the sides of the cell as protection from photodamage

Question 26

where do chloroplasts accumulate when exposed to low light

Answer 26

at the top of the cell to absorb more q

Question 27

Light reactions occur in the

Answer 27

Thylakoid membrane

Question 28

where is PSII located?

Answer 28

Grana thalakoids

Question 29

where do dark reactions occur in the

Answer 29

stroma

Question 30

where is PSI located

Answer 30

unstacked Stroma thalakoid

Question 31

PS1

Answer 31

election transport and ATP synthesis

Question 32

PS2

Answer 32

(capture of light energy and election transport)

Question 33

light reaction =

Answer 33

capture of light energy and its conversion to chemical bond energy(atp)

Question 34

dark reaction =

Answer 34

enzymatic fixation of CO2 into carbohydrates using ATP