Cell Organelles2 Flashcards
Nucleus surrounded by the
nuclear envelope
what is contained within nucleus
chromosomes
one or more nucleoli
what is a nucleoli and what is it involed in:
they are dark, staining masses of protein and nucleic acids
rRNA synthesis
what is endoplasmic reticulum
where does it lead
-Network of tubules and flattened sacs
-goes through cytoplasm and connects to nuclear envelope- transports
Rough ER
ER membrane tubes studded with ribosomes
Smooth ER
ER membrane tubes without ribosomes
ER principle funtions
linked? what do they enclose?
what do they regulate?
-Synthesizing, processing, and sorting proteins.
-synthesize array of lipids
-regulate cystolic calcium
-all ER are linked and enclose single lumen via plasmadomata
Golgi apparatus
-stacks of membranes, gives rise to vessicles
Mitochondria
surrounded by a double membrane
Area for respiration,
converting sugars to ATP
Primary function of Golgi Apparatus
synthesize carbohydrates for glycoprotein, cell wall, and vacuole
Vacuoles, what is it enclosed by
-Enclosed by memrane known as tonoplast(single layer)
- makes more than 30% of cell volume
Primary functions of vacuole
-Storage: metabolites can be retrieved from vacuoles
-Digestion: contains enzymes like protases, nuclases, glycosidases, and lipases
-PH homeostasis: all enzymes have optimal ph –> regulates activity in cytosol
defence:
how does vacuole defend cell
-phenolic compound(bitter)
-alkaloids
-cyanogenic(hard to breathe)
-protases inhibitors(tummy ache or starvation)
-cell wall degrading enzymes
-latexes
-heavy metals–leaves are shed on regular basis
what is contained in vacuoles that causes pigmentation
anthocyanin–> blueberries and shit
Flavonols
pigment that screens out UV protecting leaf from UV
Proplastid
Precursor to other plastid
Amyloplast
Plastid
unpigmented that contains starch, common on storage organs
Leucoplast
plastid
-colorless
-involved in synthesis of monoterpenes
-secretory glands(citrus peel)
Chromoplast
synthesize and accumulate xanthophyll, CAROTEnoid
red orange and yellow
Etioplast
plastids where devellopment from proplastid to chloroplast has been stopped by no or low light
Chloroplast
contain CHLOROPHYLL
energy capture and photosynthesis
bonded by double membrane
thylakoid network
What are the 2 domains of the thylakoid network
Stacked grana thalakoid
unstacked stoma thalakoid
what is contained in the thalakoid membrane, and what surrounds the thalakoids
chlorophyll contained in thalakoid membranes
stroma is the fluid surrounding thalakoids
What do chloroplasts in plants grown in the shade have in common?
They have more grana (stacks) and more thalakoid per granum(thicker stacks)
where do chloroplasts accumulate when a leaf is exposed to direct sunlight?
they accumulate on the sides of the cell as protection from photodamage
where do chloroplasts accumulate when exposed to low light
at the top of the cell to absorb more q
Light reactions occur in the
Thylakoid membrane
where is PSII located?
Grana thalakoids
where do dark reactions occur in the
stroma
where is PSI located
unstacked Stroma thalakoid
PS1
election transport and ATP synthesis
PS2
(capture of light energy and election transport)
light reaction =
capture of light energy and its conversion to chemical bond energy(atp)
dark reaction =
enzymatic fixation of CO2 into carbohydrates using ATP
