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Principles of Medicine > Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

Cell Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Three stages of Cellular Metabolism

A

Glycolysis TCA Cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Glycolysis

A

Oxidation of glucose within the cytosol of individual cells, generating ATP and NADH

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3
Q

TCA Cycle

A

Oxidation of small molecules within the mitochondria generating ATP, NADH, FADH2 and waste products

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4
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

generation of ATP by reduction of oxygen to water

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5
Q

How many ATP molecules produced

A

36-38 ATP

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6
Q

6 reactions of metabolism

A
  1. Oxidation-reducation 2. Ligation requiring ATP cleavage (formation of covalent bonds) 3. Isomerization - 4. Group transfer - transfer of functional group from one moelcule 5. Hydrolytic - Cleavage of bonds by addition of water 6. Addition or removal of functional groups - Form or remove double bonds
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7
Q

How many reactions make up glycolysis pathway

A

10 (formation of a high energy compound and splitting of a high energy compounds)

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8
Q

Step 1 of Glycolysis

A

Irreversible

Negative charge traps glucose inside the cell

“kinase” - carries out phosphorylation

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9
Q

Step 2 of Glycolysis

A

Isomerisation

Able to split into equal halves later

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10
Q

Step 3 of Glycolysis

A

IMPORTANT REACTION

Regulation of phosphofructokinase

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11
Q

Step 4 of Glycolysis

A

Two high energy compounds have been generated

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12
Q

Step 5 of Glycolysis

A

Only glycolytic enzymopathy that is fatal

Important for endocrinologist

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13
Q

Step 6 of Glycolysis

A

NADH is generated which can produce more ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

Step 7 of Glycolysis

A

Transfer of phosphate groups

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15
Q

Step 8 of Glycolysis

A

Phosphate goes from 3 position to 2 position

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16
Q

Step 9 of Glycolysis

A

Dehydration reaction

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17
Q

Step 10 of Glycolysis

A
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18
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

A

Characteristic of yeasts

Carboxylase = removes carboyl groups

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19
Q

Generation of Lactate

A

Anaerobic respiration

Oxygen is a limiting factor

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20
Q

Why NAD+ regeneration is essential

A

It is required for glycolysis for the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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21
Q

What is creatine phosphate used as

A

Buffer for ATP

Thermodynamically favourable

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22
Q

Acetyl CoA generation

A

Occurs in the mitochondria

23
Q

What is Acetyl CoA

A

Thioester bond is high-energy, can be hydolysed to give off 2C

24
Q

What is Beri Beri?

A

Poor Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Cofactor is Thiamine which donates a proton and attacks pyruvate

25
Q

How many molecules are produced/lost in TCA Cycle?

A

1 GTP OR ATP

3 NADH

1 NADH

2 CO2

In the mitochondria matrix space

Enzymes are soluble proteins

Because NAD+ needs to be reoxidised under oyxgen, only aerobic respiration

26
Q

What are ketogenic amino acids

A

Gives rise to ketone bodies

27
Q

What are glucogenic amino acids?

A

Give rise to glucose

28
Q

Degration to pyruvate

A

Alanine

Cysteine

Glycine

Serine

Threonine

Tryptophan

29
Q

Degradation to oxeloacetate

A

Asparagine

Aspartate

30
Q

Degradation to Fumarate

A

Aspartate

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

31
Q

Degradation to succinyl CoA

A

Isoleucine

Methionine

Threoine

Valine

32
Q

Degradation to a-Keto-Glutarate

A

Arginine

Glutamate

Glutamine

Histidine

Proline

33
Q

Degradation to Acetyl CoA

A

Isoleucine

Leucine

Tryptophan

34
Q

Acetoacetyl CoA

A

Leucine

Lysine

Phenylalanine

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

35
Q

What are transamination reactions?

A

Group transfer of amino acid to a keto acid

36
Q

How is glutamate reconverted to a-ketoglutarate

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase is used which generates NH4+

37
Q

NADH transportation from skeletal muscle and brain

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

38
Q

NADH transportation of the liver, kidney and heart

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

39
Q

What are the steps of the glycerol phsophate shuttle

A
  1. Cytosolic glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase transfers electrons from NADHA to glycerol 3 phosphate
  2. Membrane bound mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers electrons to FAD which get passed to co-enzymes Q
40
Q

Malate aspartate shuttle

A

AT - aspartate transaminase

MDH - malate dehydrogenase

41
Q

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

A

Black arrow denotes single enzyme catalysed reaction

Red arrow represent multi-step pathways

42
Q

TCA cycle goes wrong

A

Decrease TCA activity

Preferrentially undergo glycolysis which produces lactate in ample oxygen

43
Q

Subtrates of kinases

A

Serine

Threonine

Tyrosine

Contain a hydroxyl group which can be phosphorylated

44
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Transfer of a high-energy phosphate group to ADP

45
Q

Why can Lactate dehydrogenase be used as a diagnostic tool

A

Cells release LDH when they die

Diagnose disorders including stroke and myocardial infarction

46
Q

What is expressed in glucose metabolism of cancer tumours

A

GLUT1

Increased glucose transporters

47
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48
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54
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Principles of Medicine (12 decks)

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