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Principles of Medicine > Cell fate and Injury > Flashcards

Cell fate and Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Cell injury lethal vs sublethal

A

Lethal: produces cell death

Sublethal: produces injury not amounting to cell death may be reversible or progress to cell death

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2
Q

Causes of cell injury

A

Oxygen deprivaiton

Chemical agents - drug

Infectious - microbiology

Immunological reactions -

Genetic defects

Nutritional imbalances

Physical agents - trauma, radiation

Aging - increasing number of changes in cells

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3
Q

What is infarction

A

Cell death due to ischemia

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4
Q

How do cells respond to injurious stimuli

A

Type of injury

Duration

Severity

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5
Q

What do the consequences of injurious stimulus depend on

A

Type of cell - more resilient

Status - low metabolic rate, more proliferation

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6
Q

What are four intracellular systems that are particularly vulnerable during cell injury

A

Cell membrane integrity

ATP generation

Protein synthesis

Integrity of the genetic apparatus

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7
Q

Why is it important to know that cellular function is lost before cell death

A

Morphological changes may not be seen

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8
Q

What is atrophy

A

Shrinkage in the size of cell or organ by the loss of substance

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9
Q

Atrophic brain

A

Advanced dementia

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10
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells and increase in size of organ

Physiological - normal healthy people process

Pathological - disease process

Increase in functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation

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11
Q

What are examples of physiological Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of uterus during pregnancy

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12
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells in an organ

Physiological hyperplasia - hormonal or compensatory

Pathological hyperplasia - Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

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13
Q

What is an example of physiological hyperlasia

A

Proliferative endometrium

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14
Q

What is an example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Carcinoma

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15
Q

Metaplasia

A

A reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another

May be physiological/pathological

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16
Q

Physiological metaplasia

A

Cervix

Squamous outside columnar inside

Columnar turns into squamous during pregnancy

17
Q

What is a pathological metaplasia

A

Barrett’s Oesphagus

Columnar lined oesophagus - normally lined by non-keratinizing squamous

Due to acid reflux

18
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features or malignancy but do not invade underlying tissue

19
Q

Dysplasia associated with Barrett’s oesphagus

A

Nucleus is darker and more pronounced

Nucleic cytoplasmic ratio has increased

20
Q

Light Microscopic Changes associated with reversible injury

A

Fatty change, cellular swelling

Degenerative chagnes e.g. changes associated with cell and tissue damage

21
Q

Alcoholic fatty changes

A

Reversible once you stop drinking alcohol

22
Q

What is ballooning degeneration

A

Strand of cytoplasm

Damage to cytoskeleton of hepatocyte

Proteins accumulate causing cells to swell

23
Q

What is necrosis

A

Confluent cell death associated with inflammation

24
Q

What is coagulated necrosis

A

Structure become fixed

E.g. myocardic infarction

25
Q

What is liquefactive

A

Tissue become liquified

Old cerebral infarct - liquified brain

26
Q

What is caseous necrosis

A

Pulmonary TB

Cheesy-oozy area

27
Q

What is fat necrosis

A

Acute pancreatitis

Digestive enzymes activated in pancrease - digest tissue

Lipase will digest fat - free fatty acid bind to calcium and make them into comparments

28
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

Dead cell due to apoptosis - dense becomes it becomes concentrated, shrunked, bits of nuclei shed

Inflammatory reaction in necrosis

Apoptosis - compartmentalised

29
Q

How is the inflammatory reaction apoptosis vs necrosis

A

Apoptosis - controlled

Necrosis - not controlled

30
Q

What are teh causes of apoptosis

A

Embryogenesis - solid intestine into lumen

Deletion of auto-reactive T cells in thymus

Homrone dependent physiological involution - mensturation

Cell deletion in proliferating - how cells die

Mild injurious stimula that cause ireeparable DNA, suicide pathways

31
Q

What are the difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

Apoptosis may be phsyiological

Apoptosis is an active energy dependent process - maintain cell integrity and package cell

Not associated with inflammation

32
Q

What is necroptosis

A

Energy dependent

But you get inflammation and necrosis

Causes include viral infections

Principles of Medicine (12 decks)

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