Cell metabolism 1 - Carbohydrates and Amino acids Flashcards
What does glucose convert into and by which enzyme in the first step of glycolysis?
Gluocse-6-phosphate
By Hexokinase
What does glucose-6-phosphate convert into and by which enzyme in the second step of glycolysis?
Fructose-6-phosphate
By Phosphoglucose isomerase
What does fructose-6-phosphate convert into and by which enzyme in the third step of glycolysis?
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
By Phosphofructokinase
What does fructose-1,6-bisphosphate convert into in the fourth step of glycolysis?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
What enzyme converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
Triosephosphate isomerase
What does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate convert into and by which enzyme in the fifth step of glycolysis?
2x 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
By Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
What does 2x 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate convert into and by which enzyme in the sixth step of glycolysis?
2x 3-phosphoglycerate
By Phosphoglycerate mutase
What does 2x 3-phosphoglycerate convert into and by which enzyme in the seventh step of glycolysis?
2x 2-phosphoglycerate
By Enolase
What does 2x 2-phosphoglycerate convert into and by which enzyme in the seventh step of glycolysis?
2x Phosphoenolpyruvate
By Enolase
What does 2x phosphoenolpyruvate convert into and by which enzyme in the eighth step of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
By Pyruvate kinase
What 6 reactions define metabolism?
Oxidation-reduction Ligation requiring ATP cleavage Isomerisation Group transfer Hydrolytic Addition or removal of functional groups
What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?
- Alcoholic fermentation - anaerobic
- Generation of lactate - anaerobic
- Acetyl CoA formation - aerobic
How does alcoholic fermentation of pyruvate occur?
products and enzymes
Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde (By pyruvate decarboxylation)
Acetaldehyde -> ethanol (By alcohol dehydrogenase)
How lactate generation occur using pyruvate?
products and enzymes
Pyruvate -> lactate (By lactate dehydrogenase)
How is acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate?
All reactants, products, and enzymes
Pyruvate + HS-CoA -> Acetyl CoA + CO2
NAD+ -> NADH
By pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
What is the use of creatine phosphate?
It converts to creatine + ATP to be used as for energy, catalysed by creatine kinase
What is Beri-Beri and what are the symptoms?
It is caused by a deficiency in thiamine(a form of vitamin B1). Symptoms can be damage to the peripheral nervous system, weakness of the
musculature and decreased cardiac output.
Draw the entire Krebs cycle
Look up diagram on one note
How does NADH move from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix?
By 2 shuttles:
The glycerol-phosphate shuttle - skeletal muscle, the brain
The malate-aspartate shuttle - Liver, kidney, heart
What is the glycerol-phosphate shuttle?
Look on one note
What is the malate-aspartate shuttle?
Look on one note`
What is the Warburg effect?
Mutations of enzymes in the TCA cycle resulting in the production of lactate even when sufficient O2 is present.
