Cell metabolism 1 - Carbohydrates and Amino acids

Question 1

What does glucose convert into and by which enzyme in the first step of glycolysis?

Answer 1

Gluocse-6-phosphate

By Hexokinase

Question 2

What does glucose-6-phosphate convert into and by which enzyme in the second step of glycolysis?

Answer 2

Fructose-6-phosphate

By Phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 3

What does fructose-6-phosphate convert into and by which enzyme in the third step of glycolysis?

Answer 3

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

By Phosphofructokinase

Question 4

What does fructose-1,6-bisphosphate convert into in the fourth step of glycolysis?

Answer 4

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 5

What enzyme converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

Answer 5

Triosephosphate isomerase

Question 6

What does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate convert into and by which enzyme in the fifth step of glycolysis?

Answer 6

2x 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

By Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 7

What does 2x 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate convert into and by which enzyme in the sixth step of glycolysis?

Answer 7

2x 3-phosphoglycerate

By Phosphoglycerate mutase

Question 8

What does 2x 3-phosphoglycerate convert into and by which enzyme in the seventh step of glycolysis?

Answer 8

2x 2-phosphoglycerate

By Enolase

Question 9

What does 2x 2-phosphoglycerate convert into and by which enzyme in the seventh step of glycolysis?

Answer 9

2x Phosphoenolpyruvate

By Enolase

Question 10

What does 2x phosphoenolpyruvate convert into and by which enzyme in the eighth step of glycolysis?

Answer 10

Pyruvate

By Pyruvate kinase

Question 11

What 6 reactions define metabolism?

Answer 11

Oxidation-reduction
Ligation requiring ATP cleavage
Isomerisation
Group transfer
Hydrolytic
Addition or removal of functional groups

Question 12

What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?

Answer 12

1. Alcoholic fermentation - anaerobic
2. Generation of lactate - anaerobic
3. Acetyl CoA formation - aerobic

Question 13

How does alcoholic fermentation of pyruvate occur?

products and enzymes

Answer 13

Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde (By pyruvate decarboxylation)

Acetaldehyde -> ethanol (By alcohol dehydrogenase)

Question 14

How lactate generation occur using pyruvate?

products and enzymes

Answer 14

Pyruvate -> lactate (By lactate dehydrogenase)

Question 15

How is acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate?

All reactants, products, and enzymes

Answer 15

Pyruvate + HS-CoA -> Acetyl CoA + CO2
NAD+ -> NADH
By pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 16

What is the use of creatine phosphate?

Answer 16

It converts to creatine + ATP to be used as for energy, catalysed by creatine kinase

Question 17

What is Beri-Beri and what are the symptoms?

Answer 17

It is caused by a deficiency in thiamine(a form of vitamin B1). Symptoms can be damage to the peripheral nervous system, weakness of the
musculature and decreased cardiac output.

Question 18

Draw the entire Krebs cycle

Answer 18

Look up diagram on one note

Question 19

How does NADH move from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 19

By 2 shuttles:

The glycerol-phosphate shuttle - skeletal muscle, the brain

The malate-aspartate shuttle - Liver, kidney, heart

Question 20

What is the glycerol-phosphate shuttle?

Answer 20

Look on one note

Question 21

What is the malate-aspartate shuttle?

Answer 21

Look on one note`

Question 22

What is the Warburg effect?

Answer 22

Mutations of enzymes in the TCA cycle resulting in the production of lactate even when sufficient O2 is present.