Cell fate and injury

Question 1

What types of stress can cells undergo?

Answer 1

Physiological and pathological

Question 2

What can cause cell injury?

Answer 2

1. Oxygen deprivation
2. Chemical agents (drugs)
3. Infectious agents
4. Immunological reactions (autoimmune)
5. Genetic defects
6. Nutritional imbalances
7. Physical agents (bullets to background radiation)
8. Aging

Question 3

What 4 intracellular processes or features make a cell vulnerable to damage?

Answer 3

1. Cell membrane integrity
2. ATP generation
3. Protein synthesis
4. The integrity of the genetic apparatus

Question 4

What is atrophy?

Answer 4

The shrinkage of cells by loss of cell substance

Question 5

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

Increase in cell size resulting in increase size of organs

Question 6

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 6

An increased number of cells in an organ

Question 7

What is metaplasia?

Answer 7

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

Question 8

What is dysplasia?

Answer 8

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue

Question 9

What process does muscle bulking occur by?

Answer 9

Hypertrophy

Question 10

What is necrosis?

Answer 10

Confluent cell death associated with inflammation

Cell death of cells in an area next to eachother

Question 11

What types of necrosis are there?

Answer 11

1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Caseuous
4. Fat

Question 12

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 12

When proteins become irreversibly bound together and coagulate

Question 13

What is liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 13

Occurs in the brain and causes tissue to liquify

Question 14

What is caseous necrosis?

Answer 14

Tissue that is very liquidy, example - TB

Question 15

What is fat necrosis?

Answer 15

When lipase is secreted by the pancreas tissue damage and causes the breakdown of fat in the pancreas itself
Fatty acids then react with calcium and precipitates

Question 16

What is apoptosis?

Answer 16

Programmed cell death - typically single cells and no inflammation

Question 17

Causes of apoptosis?

Answer 17

1. Embryogenesis
2. Deletion of autoreactive T cells
3. Hormone- dependent physiological involution
4. Cell deletion in proliferating populations
5. Variety of mild injury that cause irreparable DNA damage

Question 18

What are the differences between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 18

1. Apoptosis may be physiological
2. Apoptosis is an active energy dependent process
3. Apoptosis is not associated with inflammation

Question 19

What is necroptosis?

Answer 19

Energy dependent, programmed cell death associated with inflammation