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Immunology > Cell mediated/ T cells > Flashcards

Cell mediated/ T cells Flashcards

1
Q

During anitgen recognition and T cell activation:

When a T cell recognizes an antiG displayed, it will increase integrin_________ to help keep it locked in place with APC

A

LFA-1

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2
Q

What two recognitions need to happen between the TCR and the APC for our first signal during AntG recognition and T cell activaiton

A
  1. TCR recognizes MHC

2. TCR’s CD4 or CD8 needs to recognize and bind to MHC

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3
Q

CD4 or CD8 recognize the MHC protein ______ of the andtiG presented

A

independent

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4
Q

How many TCR co-receptors need to be engaged with the APC to active a naive T cell

A

2 or more

—thus T cell only responds if it encounters an array of MHC:antiG complexes

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5
Q

Alpha/betta TCR recognize what kind of antiG

Gamma/delta TCR recognize what kind of antiG

A

peptides

lipids

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6
Q

2 signals to activate a T cell

1st: TCR interacts with _____
2nd: T cell CD28 interacts with ______

A

MHC/antigen

B7

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7
Q

Once Tcell has it’s 2 signals during activation of naive T lymphocytes, it releases this cytokine

A

IL-2

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8
Q

IL-2 released during activation by T cell promotes

A

clonal expansion and proliferation and differentiation to effector cells

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9
Q

A T cell TRC binds to MHC with antiG but the T cells’ CD28 has NO B7 to bind to from APC… what happens?

A

Anergy or tolerance by T cell

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10
Q

CD28 on T cell will bind to ______ on APC along with TCR:MHC binding and the T cell will release this cytokine ____

A

CD28: B7

releases IL-2

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11
Q

CD3 is a signaling receptor expressed on

A

all T cells

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12
Q

When CTLA-4 on T regs bind to B7 what happends

A

negative regulation

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13
Q

CTLA-4 binding to B7 induceds ITAM or ITIM

A

ITIM

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14
Q

To anchor naive T cells during antiG presentation, LFA-1 on the Tcell anchors to ______ on the APC

A

ICAM

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15
Q

bindting of LFA-1 on Tcells to ICAM on APC causes APC to release what? and why?

A

releases chemokines to the Tcell… the chemokines will tell the TCell to put the LFA-1 into high affnity statte and bind that ICAM super tight

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16
Q

Once and APC engulfs an antiG it will:

  1. upregulate expression of ____ on it’s cell surface
  2. Will increase production of ______ to present antiG
  3. Will release this cytokine _____
A

Co-stimulators (B7)
MHC production increases
IL-12

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17
Q

A B cell can act as a _______ for a T cell

A

professional APC

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18
Q

If a B cell is acting as a Professional APC, what does it do to the antiG that bind to it’s BCR on the cell surface?

A

will internalize it and process it to present at MHC II to a T cell

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19
Q

This is a T cell proliferation cytokine T cells release to act on themselves

A

IL-2

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20
Q

T cell proliferation by IL-2 occurs during what days?

A

day 1-2 after activation

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21
Q

Daughter T cells of proliferating cells are ______ thus express identical TCR and co-recpetor (CD4 or CD8) and recognize same antigen as naive T cell

A

CLONES

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22
Q

Which expands more, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells after activation and expansion

A

CD8+

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23
Q

Once a T cell begins to secreate IL-2 (recogniztion of MHC and co-stim molecule happened), what does the T cell need to upregulate?

A

upregulates expression of IL-2-alpha chain for a high affinity IL-2 recetpors

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24
Q

this is the high affinity part of the IL-2 receptors

A

IL-2alpha

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25
Q

Why do T cells want to upregulate expression of IL-2 alpha receptor on cell surface?

A

creates high affnity binding for IL-2 and IL-2 is a proliferation signal for T cells… they have recieved all proper signals that their antiG is out there, now we want them to expand

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26
Q

During differentiation, progeny of our original activated T cells become:

A

effector T cells or memory T cells

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27
Q

How do T cells determine if they will be memory or effector cell?

A

they express dif genes driven by transcription factors

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28
Q

Once T cell is activated to effector function in the _______ it migrates out to the ________

A

peripheral lymphoid

site of infection (via chemokine signal)

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29
Q

CD4+ effector T cells respond to antiG by making surface molecules and cytokines… the function of these molecules and cytokines is to activate: ______ and _____

A

macrophages and B lymphocytes

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30
Q

_____on CD4+T cells binding to _______ on APC provides amplification signal APC to maintain it’s awesome immune resonspe

A

CD40L on CD4+ binding to CD40 on APC

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31
Q

INF-gamma and IL-12 cause Tsubset to turn into:

A

Th1 cells

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32
Q

Th1 cells release

A

INF-gamma

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33
Q

INF-gamma released by TH1 cells has these three functions

A
  • stimulates anitB production to bind APC Fc receptors
  • activates complment
  • stimulates co-stim expression
34
Q

This subset does phagocyte mediated killing of intracellular microbes

A

Th1

35
Q

IL-4 drives expression of this Th subset

A

Th2

36
Q

Th2 will release these cytokines

A

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10

37
Q

this T sub functions to promote isotype switching and allergies

A

Th2

38
Q

TGF-B, IL6 and IL-23 promote this Thsub

A

Th17

39
Q

Th17 releaesse

A

IL-17

40
Q

this T sub does neutrophil inflmation, phagocyte killing of extracellular bacteria and fungi

A

Th17

41
Q

Memory T cells do not produce cytokines or infected cells BUT

A

maintain ability to do so once exposed to their antiG

42
Q

resolution of immune response occurs w/in ______ after eradication of infection

A

1-2 weeks

43
Q

Antigen from intracell microbes is recognized twice:

  1. In peripheral lymphoid and we _______ require co stimulation
  2. In site of infection and we ________ require co stim
A

DO require

DON”T require

44
Q

Once a CD4+ cell recognizes an APC presenting antiG in the periphery… how does it cause fight the infection?

A

it will release cytokines to cause inflammation or will send cytokine to tell APC (macrophage) to activate and kill the ingested microbe

45
Q

Once a CD8+ cell recognizes and infected cell with microbe in periphery it will

A

kill the infected cell

46
Q

Th1 will activate a macrophage to–>

A

kill intracellular bacteria

47
Q

Th2 will activate B cells to—>

A

secreate antiB to parasites or allergens

48
Q

Th17 will activate PMNs to —->

A

kill bacteria and fungi involved in autoimmune resonse

49
Q

CD8+ can be activated by:
Direct=
Indirect =

A 
direct = anitgien + APC
Indirect = antigen + Th1 help
50
Q

Endothelial cells that have infection will increase expression of _____ and ____ as a function of innate immunity

A

TNF and IL-1

51
Q

Effector T cells ready to patrol the periphery for infection will decrease expression of ______ and increase expression of ______ to inhibit trafficking back to lymph node

A

L-selectin (lose this)

E and P selecting (will express this

52
Q

T cells that are activated will express high levels of LFA-1 and VLA-4, why?

A

helps with tight adhesion to endothelium at sight of infection

53
Q

This is a complex reaction of many parts of the innate immune system in vascularlized tissues and involves:

  • recruiting phagos and granulos to site of infection
  • initiated by change in blood vessels to promote leukocyte recruitement
A

Inflammation

54
Q

A phagocyte engults a macrophage in epithelium… the phagoctye releases ____ and _____ to change structure of epithelium to make is leaky

A

TNF and IL-1

55
Q

Inflammatory cells such as ____, _____ and _____ migrate through leaky epithelium to site of inflamation

A

monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils

56
Q

T cell homing is ________ of antiG recognition

A

INDEPENDENT
—-all T cells recognize this chemokine signal sent by damaged tissue to maximize effectiveness of cell mediated immune response

57
Q

An effector T cell gets to sight of inflammation and reconiizes IT’s own antiG… as a result the T cell will increase expression of:

A

VLA4 integrins so it can bind to VCAM1 on site of infection

58
Q

What is our chemokine receptor that homes T cells to the lymph nodes

A

CCR7 and L-selectin

59
Q

What is our chemokine receptor that homes T cells to teh periphery?

A

CXCR10 or e/p selecting

60
Q

If a T cells is expressing CCR7 and L selecting we know it’s located in

A

lymph node

61
Q

if a T cell is expressinc CXCR10 or E/P selectin we know it’s in the:

A

periphery or tissues

62
Q

CD4+ can work with macrophages that are APC’s by:

CD4+ can work with B cells presenting antiG by:

A
  • activating the macrophage to kill phagocytized microbe

- activate APC B cell to secreate antiB with enhanced abilities to neutralize and eliminate anitGs

63
Q

INF-gamma released by Th1 on APC B cells will cause B cells to

A

go complement binding and opsoinizing via IgG antibodies

64
Q

what is a macrophage’s response to Th1 that releases IFN-gamma

A
  • produce reactive oxygen species, NO, lyososomal enz
  • will secreate TNF, IL1 and IL-12
  • increase expression of MHC and co-stimulators
65
Q

What is the special feedback loop between macrophages and Th1?

A

Th1 releases IFN-gamma to macrophages….
….macrophages get activated + release IL-12 as a response—- the IL-12 causes more Thsub to turn into Th1 and over/over/ove

66
Q

TH2 cells releasing IL-4 causes

A

B cell to isotype switch to IgG (antiB production) or release IgE for mast cell degranulation

67
Q

Th2 releasing IL-5 causes

A

eosinophil activation against helminths

68
Q

Th2 releaing IL-4 with IL-13 can promote a macrophage

A

to undergo ALTERNATE macrophage acitvation so more about tissue repair and fibrosis)

69
Q

this subset pushes macrophages to be activated while this Th subset pushes for inactivation of macrphages

A

Th1==activation

Th2 for inactiation

70
Q

IL-17 released from Th17 will cause:

A

inflammation and neutorphil release

71
Q

this Th will increase recruitment of PMNs and maintain epithelial barrier integrity

A

Th17

72
Q

How do CTL’s kill?

A

they secreate proteins that create pores in infected cell membrane :perforins and GranZ and express FasL that incduces apoptosis

73
Q

CTL’s express this ligand that can induce apoptosis

A

Fas Ligand

binds to Fas receptor on target cells

74
Q

Activated CTL’s make _____ to drive it’s own proliferation and differentiation

A

IL-2

75
Q

If a CTL recognizes an APC that has a weak co-stimulatory signal…. who can help it out so that it can still this APC

A

CD4+ will release IFN-gamma that will bind to the APC and cause the APC to express more co=stimulatory signals to the CTL can kill it

76
Q

These guys x-link many different clones of T cells with MHC II class expressing APCs

A

superantiG

77
Q

IL-1 and TNF are responsible for

A

acute phase protein release from liver and changes vascular permeability

78
Q

IL2 causes

A

T cell proliefation

79
Q

Because the super antiG binds outside of recognition cleft to many different TCR’s we get what kind of expansion

A

NON-clonal expansion

80
Q

End resultiof superantiG is this:

A

cytokine storm

Immunology (12 decks)

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