cell injury and adaptation

Question 1

what causes hypoxia

Answer 1

ischaemia
reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood ; anaemia
inadequate blood oxygenation

Question 1

what happens in hypoxic injury

Answer 1

reduction in intracellular generation of atp so sodium pump reduced, increased anaerobic glycolysis, reduction in protein syntheiss

Question 2

effect of sodium pump acitvity being reduced

Answer 2

sodium accumulates in cell causing isoosmotic gain of water and acute cellular swelling

Question 3

free radical

Answer 3

an atom, molecule or ion with one or more unpaired valence electron

Question 4

effect of high ROS levels

Answer 4

can cause membrane damage and promote mitochondrial permeability transition

Question 5

atrophy

Answer 5

shrinkage of size of cell due to loss of substance

Question 6

hypertrophy

Answer 6

increase in cell size

Question 7

metaplasia

Answer 7

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

Question 7

hyperplasia

Answer 7

increase in amount of cells

Question 8

apoptosis

Answer 8

cell contetns contained, no surrounding damage

Question 9

necrosis

Answer 9

cell contents spill out.. tissue damage

Question 10

which necrosis preserves basic arrangement

Answer 10

coagulative

Question 11

colliquative ecrosis

Answer 11

liquifies

Question 12

casueous

Answer 12

cheese like necrotic debris contained within

Question 13

gangrenous

Answer 13

dry or wet

Question 14

fat necrosis

Answer 14

focal necrosis in fat due to action of lipases

Question 15

what causes coagulative necrosis

Answer 15

ischaemia as resultsin decreased ATP and so increased CA+ and free radical formation whihc cause membrane damage

Question 16

which necrosis is seen in an infarct

Answer 16

ischameic necrosis

Question 17

tissue in caseous

Answer 17

no longer resembles the cells but is in chunks of unrecognizeable debris

Question 18

what is an example of causeous necrosis

Answer 18

TB

Question 19

where is colliquative necrosis seen

Answer 19

brain due to lack of supporting stroma

Question 20

what is colliquative suually because of

Answer 20

focal bacterial infections as they attract leukocytes; neutrophils ; neutrophils dissolve accumulating pus

Question 21

autolysis

Answer 21

rotting of the tissue

Question 22

apoptosis

Answer 22

cellular suicide wihtout damaging surroundig tissues

Question 23

labile

Answer 23

good capacity to regernate

Question 24

stable

Answer 24

divide at a slow rate but can regenerate if needed

Question 25

how does calcium contirbute to cell death

Answer 25

increases mitochondrial permeability