cell injury and adaptation Flashcards
what causes hypoxia
ischaemia
reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood ; anaemia
inadequate blood oxygenation
what happens in hypoxic injury
reduction in intracellular generation of atp so sodium pump reduced, increased anaerobic glycolysis, reduction in protein syntheiss
effect of sodium pump acitvity being reduced
sodium accumulates in cell causing isoosmotic gain of water and acute cellular swelling
free radical
an atom, molecule or ion with one or more unpaired valence electron
effect of high ROS levels
can cause membrane damage and promote mitochondrial permeability transition
atrophy
shrinkage of size of cell due to loss of substance
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
metaplasia
reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another
hyperplasia
increase in amount of cells
apoptosis
cell contetns contained, no surrounding damage
necrosis
cell contents spill out.. tissue damage
which necrosis preserves basic arrangement
coagulative
colliquative ecrosis
liquifies
casueous
cheese like necrotic debris contained within
gangrenous
dry or wet
fat necrosis
focal necrosis in fat due to action of lipases
what causes coagulative necrosis
ischaemia as resultsin decreased ATP and so increased CA+ and free radical formation whihc cause membrane damage
which necrosis is seen in an infarct
ischameic necrosis
tissue in caseous
no longer resembles the cells but is in chunks of unrecognizeable debris
what is an example of causeous necrosis
TB
where is colliquative necrosis seen
brain due to lack of supporting stroma
what is colliquative suually because of
focal bacterial infections as they attract leukocytes; neutrophils ; neutrophils dissolve accumulating pus
autolysis
rotting of the tissue
apoptosis
cellular suicide wihtout damaging surroundig tissues
labile
good capacity to regernate
stable
divide at a slow rate but can regenerate if needed
how does calcium contirbute to cell death
increases mitochondrial permeability
