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Science Yr 9&10 > Cell Functions > Flashcards

Cell Functions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic building units of all living things

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2
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

1) All living things are made of cells or cell products
2) A cell is the basic unit of life.
3) A cell is the smallest thing capable of independent reproduction.

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3
Q

What microscopes make the study of cells possible?

A

Light and electron microscopes

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4
Q

What are eucaryotic cells? Give examples of organisms that contain this cell.

A

Cells that contain organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, etc, e.g. plants, animals, fungi.

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5
Q

What are procaryotic cells? Give examples of organisms that contain this cell.

A

Cells that have no organelles, e.g. bacteria

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6
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

Organisms that consist of more than one cell.

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7
Q

Name some different types of cells/ cell jobs in the human body.

A
  • Bone cells
  • muscle cells
  • Blood cells
  • Nerve cells
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8
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells of the same type working together.

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9
Q

What are organs?

A

Tissues of the same type working together.

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10
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organs of a cell/ part of a cell that does a certain job.

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11
Q

What does the nucleus contain and do and who has them?

A

Contains DNA and controls all the cell functions.

Plants and animals

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12
Q

What does the cell/ plasma membrane do and who has them?

A

Semi- permeable, controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Plants and animals

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13
Q

What does the mitochondria do and who has them?

A

Powerhouse of cell, it releases energy from sugar via aerobic respiration. It has its own DNA and is able to reproduce.
Plants and animals.

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14
Q

What do the ribosomes do and who has them?

A

Makes protein

Plants and animals

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15
Q

What do the chloroplasts do and who has them?

A

Holds chlorophyl, carries out photosynthesis.

Plants only

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16
Q

What does the vacuole do and who has them?

A

Stores food/ water

Plants and animals

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17
Q

What does the nucleolus do and who has them?

A

Produce ribosomes

Plants and animals

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18
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do and who has them?

A

Makes secretory products

Plants and animals

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19
Q

What do the centrioles do and who has them?

A

Forms spindle fibre which pulls chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.
Animals only

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20
Q

What does the lysosome do and who has them?

A

Suicide sacs, they produce powerful enzymes to digest themselves.
Animals only

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21
Q

Who has cell walls?

A

Plants

22
Q

What surrounds a cell?

A

Cell membrane

23
Q

How do most substances enter cells?

A

Diffusion (the spreading of something more widely)

24
Q

How do body cells reproduce?

A

By mitosis

25
Q

How does mitosis work?

A

The DNA is copied exactly and each cell receives a copy of the DNA.

26
Q

What are the three things mitosis allow organisms to do?

A

1) Grow- increase the number of cells
2) Repair- damaged tissues, e.g. broken bones
3) Maintenance- replace cells that die, e.g. blood cells, skin cells

27
Q

What are the four bases that make up DNA and which bases go with which.

A 
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
A-T
C-G
28
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

29
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix form

30
Q

DNA exists as strands called……?

A

chromosomes

31
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells contain?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

32
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small part of a chromosome that controls a single inherited feature.

33
Q

What do genes control?

A

The protein we make.

34
Q

How are proteins made?

A

By linking amino acids together.

35
Q

What does each group of three bases (e.g. AAT) on the DNA control?

A

1 amino acid in the protein

36
Q

What are the set of chromosomes of an organism called?

A

Karyotype

37
Q

What is mRNA

A

Messeenger RNA. It is a copy of a gene message.

38
Q

What does mRNA control?

A

The building of a protein in the ribosomes.

39
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA

40
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Brings amino acids to the ribosomes to make the protein.

41
Q

What are mutations?

A

Permanent changes in the DNA of an organism.

42
Q

What does mutation change?

A

A protein an organism makes.

43
Q

Where must a mutation occur in order to be inherited?

A

Sperm or egg

44
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Using a living organism to produce a substance useful to humans.

45
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

When a gene is taken from one species DNA and added to a different species.

46
Q

What is the altered species called/ said to be?

A

transgenic

47
Q

Give an example of biotechnology.

A

The bacterium E. coli. is used to make the protein insulin to treat human diabetics.

48
Q

What are transgenic species also called?

A

GMO’s- Genetically modified organism

49
Q

Where are GMO’s commonly used?

A

agriculture

50
Q

What is cloning?

A

The process of producing genetically identical organisms.

51
Q

Give some examples of cloning.

A

1) Growing plants from cuttings
2) Tissue culture in plants
3) Combined body cells with egg (nucleus removed) to grow clones animals, e.g. Dolly the sheep.

52
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Any process which alters the genes in an organism.

Science Yr 9&10 (10 decks)

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