Cell Functions

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

Cells are the basic building units of all living things

Question 2

What does the cell theory state?

Answer 2

1) All living things are made of cells or cell products
2) A cell is the basic unit of life.
3) A cell is the smallest thing capable of independent reproduction.

Question 3

What microscopes make the study of cells possible?

Answer 3

Light and electron microscopes

Question 4

What are eucaryotic cells? Give examples of organisms that contain this cell.

Answer 4

Cells that contain organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, etc, e.g. plants, animals, fungi.

Question 5

What are procaryotic cells? Give examples of organisms that contain this cell.

Answer 5

Cells that have no organelles, e.g. bacteria

Question 6

What are multicellular organisms?

Answer 6

Organisms that consist of more than one cell.

Question 7

Name some different types of cells/ cell jobs in the human body.

Answer 7

• Bone cells
• muscle cells
• Blood cells
• Nerve cells

Question 8

What are tissues?

Answer 8

Cells of the same type working together.

Question 9

What are organs?

Answer 9

Tissues of the same type working together.

Question 10

What are organelles?

Answer 10

Organs of a cell/ part of a cell that does a certain job.

Question 11

What does the nucleus contain and do and who has them?

Answer 11

Contains DNA and controls all the cell functions.

Plants and animals

Question 12

What does the cell/ plasma membrane do and who has them?

Answer 12

Semi- permeable, controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Plants and animals

Question 13

What does the mitochondria do and who has them?

Answer 13

Powerhouse of cell, it releases energy from sugar via aerobic respiration. It has its own DNA and is able to reproduce.
Plants and animals.

Question 14

What do the ribosomes do and who has them?

Answer 14

Makes protein

Plants and animals

Question 15

What do the chloroplasts do and who has them?

Answer 15

Holds chlorophyl, carries out photosynthesis.

Plants only

Question 16

What does the vacuole do and who has them?

Answer 16

Stores food/ water

Plants and animals

Question 17

What does the nucleolus do and who has them?

Answer 17

Produce ribosomes

Plants and animals

Question 18

What does the Golgi apparatus do and who has them?

Answer 18

Makes secretory products

Plants and animals

Question 19

What do the centrioles do and who has them?

Answer 19

Forms spindle fibre which pulls chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.
Animals only

Question 20

What does the lysosome do and who has them?

Answer 20

Suicide sacs, they produce powerful enzymes to digest themselves.
Animals only

Question 21

Who has cell walls?

Answer 21

Plants

Question 22

What surrounds a cell?

Answer 22

Cell membrane

Question 23

How do most substances enter cells?

Answer 23

Diffusion (the spreading of something more widely)

Question 24

How do body cells reproduce?

Answer 24

By mitosis

Question 25

How does mitosis work?

Answer 25

The DNA is copied exactly and each cell receives a copy of the DNA.

Question 26

What are the three things mitosis allow organisms to do?

Answer 26

1) Grow- increase the number of cells 2) Repair- damaged tissues, e.g. broken bones 3) Maintenance- replace cells that die, e.g. blood cells, skin cells

Question 27

What are the four bases that make up DNA and which bases go with which.

Answer 27

``` Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine A-T C-G ```

Question 28

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

Answer 28

Watson and Crick

Question 29

What shape is DNA?

Answer 29

Double helix form

Question 30

DNA exists as strands called......?

Answer 30

chromosomes

Question 31

How many chromosomes do human body cells contain?

Answer 31

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Question 32

What is a gene?

Answer 32

Small part of a chromosome that controls a single inherited feature.

Question 33

What do genes control?

Answer 33

The protein we make.

Question 34

How are proteins made?

Answer 34

By linking amino acids together.

Question 35

What does each group of three bases (e.g. AAT) on the DNA control?

Answer 35

1 amino acid in the protein

Question 36

What are the set of chromosomes of an organism called?

Answer 36

Karyotype

Question 37

What is mRNA

Answer 37

Messeenger RNA. It is a copy of a gene message.

Question 38

What does mRNA control?

Answer 38

The building of a protein in the ribosomes.

Question 39

What is tRNA?

Answer 39

Transfer RNA

Question 40

What does tRNA do?

Answer 40

Brings amino acids to the ribosomes to make the protein.

Question 41

What are mutations?

Answer 41

Permanent changes in the DNA of an organism.

Question 42

What does mutation change?

Answer 42

A protein an organism makes.

Question 43

Where must a mutation occur in order to be inherited?

Answer 43

Sperm or egg

Question 44

What is biotechnology?

Answer 44

Using a living organism to produce a substance useful to humans.

Question 45

What is recombinant DNA?

Answer 45

When a gene is taken from one species DNA and added to a different species.

Question 46

What is the altered species called/ said to be?

Answer 46

transgenic

Question 47

Give an example of biotechnology.

Answer 47

The bacterium E. coli. is used to make the protein insulin to treat human diabetics.

Question 48

What are transgenic species also called?

Answer 48

GMO's- Genetically modified organism

Question 49

Where are GMO's commonly used?

Answer 49

agriculture

Question 50

What is cloning?

Answer 50

The process of producing genetically identical organisms.

Question 51

Give some examples of cloning.

Answer 51

1) Growing plants from cuttings 2) Tissue culture in plants 3) Combined body cells with egg (nucleus removed) to grow clones animals, e.g. Dolly the sheep.

Question 52

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 52

Any process which alters the genes in an organism.