cell division and growth Flashcards
What is mitosis?
To grow and replace cells that have been damaged.
What is anaphase?
Spindle fibres pulling chromosomes apart, then chromatids pulled to opposite ends.
What is the cell cycle?
Makes new cells for growth and repair, body cells divide to produce new cells.
What is the process of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
What is interphase?
Cell grows, and increases amount of sub-cellular structures like mitochondria so it is able to divide. It also duplicates DNA.
What is prophase?
Chromosomes condense, membrane around nucleus breaks down, leading chromosome lie free in cytoplasm.
What is metaphase?
Chromosomes lining up in the middle.
what is telophase?
Membranes form around each of sets, these are nuclei of 2 new cells.
what is cytokinsis?
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 new separate cells, this is called cytokinesis.
What are advantages of mitosis?
Cells produce 2 new daughter cells, which are genetically identical, also to the parent cell.
They grow or replace cells that have been damaged.
What is cancer?
Fast rate of mitosis forming a tumour which is spreadable, MALIGENT.
Why does cancer occur?.
Mitosis is controlled by genes in DNA, if a mutation occurs, there’s a change which could lead cell dividing uncontrollably, leading to a mass of abnormal cells known as a tumour, which could invade and destroy surrounding tissue.
What is process of growth in animals?
Cell division throughout their life, and cell differentiation, at a young age.
What is process of growth in plants?
Cell elongation throughout most of their life, and cell division only in the tips of roots and shoots.
What is cell division?
By mitosis
What is cell differentiation?
Process by which cell changes to become specialised for its job, allows multicellular organisms to work more effectively.
What is cell elongation?
Where a plant cell expands, making cell bigger and making plant grow. This helps growth, and these grow forever.
What are embryonic stem cells, and there function?
They from when an egg and sperm cell fuse forming a zygote, and differentiate into any type of cell in the body.Replace insulin producing cells suffering from diabetes, new neural cells. Can clone these cells, and direct them differentiate into any cell in body.
What are stem cells, and there function?
Found in certain places like bone marrow, cant produce any cell, only certain ones. Used to replace damaged cells.
What are meristems, and there function?
Found in areas of plants growing, produce unspecialised cells that can divide to form any cell.
What are the benefits of stem cells?
Replace damaged or diseased body parts, unwanted embryos could be used, research into process of differentiation.
What are the risks of stem cells?
Destruction of embryo, religious or ethical objections, if growing stem cells are contaminated with virus, infection can be transferred, money could be spent on other areas.
