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G12 Biology > Cell Cycle (Q1) > Flashcards

Cell Cycle (Q1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and Mitotic Phase

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2
Q

What is the longest event in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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3
Q

Three events that happen during the interphase?

A
  1. Cell grows and makes new copy of DNA
  2. Packs nutrients for new daughter cells
  3. Duplication of organelles
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4
Q

What is the interphase composed of?

A

G1, S, and G2 phases

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5
Q

What does the G in G1 and G2 phases stand for?

A

Gap or Growth

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6
Q

Why were the phases in the interphase called gaps?

A

They were initially thought to be inactive phases of the cell cycle. Instead, they turned out to be a period for intense metabolic activity.

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7
Q

Three events that happen in First Gap/First Growth?

A
  1. Cell growth
  2. Duplication of organelles
  3. Synthesis of nucleotides
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8
Q

How long does the G1 phase take?

A

5 to 6 hours

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9
Q

Two events that happen in Synthesis Phase?

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Duplication of centrosomes (based on Powerpoint)
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10
Q

How long does the S Phase take?

A

10 to 12 hours

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11
Q

Three events that happen in Second Gap/Second Growth?

A
  1. Continuation of G1 (growth and organelle duplication)
  2. Fills loss energy during S Phase
  3. Preparation for next phase
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12
Q

This phase makes more proteins for the cell.

A

G2

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13
Q

What is the mitotic phase composed of?

A
  1. Mitosis/Duplication division
  2. Cytokinesis
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14
Q

Define cytokinesis.

A

Division of cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells

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15
Q

How long does the M Phase take?

A

Approximately an 1 hour

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16
Q

What happens to the two daughter cells produced in one round of the cell cycle?

A

They may undergo another round of cell division (G1 Phase) or enter a resting state (G0 Phase).

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17
Q

Give a list of reasons why cells enter G0 Phase.

A
  1. Unfavorable environmental conditions
  2. To restore energy
  3. Waiting for signals to enter G1
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18
Q

What cells enter a permanent state of G0 Phase?

A

Mature cardiac muscle cells and nerve cells

19
Q

Why do nerve cells do not divide?

A

Lack of centrosomes

20
Q

This regulator is constantly synthesized and degraded during cell division.

A

Cyclin

21
Q

Cyclin is an activating ______ that binds to ______ to form ______.

A

Cyclin is an activating [protein] that binds to [kinase] to form [CDK-complex].

22
Q

CDK-complex is a type of ______ that ______ or ______ another protein through ______. Gives signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints

A

CDK-complex is a type of [kinase] that [activates] or [deactivates] another protein through [phosphorylating]. Gives signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints

23
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Process wherein a phosphate group is added to a molecule

24
Q

A regulatory protein responsible for suppressing tumors and repairs damaged DNA

A

p53

25
Q

What does the p53 do if the damaged DNA is beyond repair?

A

Triggers apoptosis (cell death)

26
Q

What are the four basic types of cyclin?

A

G1 cyclin, G1/S cyclin, S cyclin, M cyclin

27
Q

A typical cyclin is present at low levels for most of the cycle but increases strongly at the stage where it’s needed. With this, when does G1/S cyclin peak dramatically?

A

At the transition from G1 to S phase

28
Q

What does the p53 signal to release when DNA damage is detected?

A

CDK inhibitor

29
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases bound with M cyclin produces ______.

A

MPF complexes (maturation-promoting factor)

30
Q

What role does MPF complex play in the cell cycle?

A

Initiates mitosis

31
Q

When the cyclin in the MPF complex is degraded, what happens to mitosis?

A

It ends

32
Q

The MPF complex also plays a role in activating another protein complex that is responsible for degrading the M cyclin. What is this protein complex?

A

APC/C (Anaphase-proposing complex/cyclosome)

33
Q

What are the two specific conditions checked in the G1 Phase checkpoint?

A
  1. Sufficient cell size
  2. Intact genetic material
34
Q

What happens if the environment in G1 is not favorable?

A
  1. Delayed progress through G1
  2. Enters G0
35
Q

What is the difference between quiescent and senescent cells?

A

Cells become quiescent because of the lack of nutrition while they become senescent because of aging or deterioration.

36
Q

What happens if the cell’s environment is favorable but does not proceed S phase?

A

The cells differentiate wherein it turns into a more specialized cell.

37
Q

Does the S Phase have a checkpoint?

A

No.

38
Q

What are the three specific conditions checked in the G2 Phase checkpoint?

A
  1. Sufficient cell size
  2. All genetic material is duplicated
  3. Intact genetic material
39
Q

What happens if the environment in G2 is not favorable?

A

Mitosis is delayed

40
Q

What condition is checked in the M Phase checkpoint?

A

All chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers.

41
Q

What happens to the M Phase if the chromosomes are not attached to the spindle fibers?

A

Mitosis halts

42
Q

What could be the result of not having chromosomes attached to the spindles?

A

Chromosomal syndromes

43
Q

What happens if the control system does not the stop the damaged cell?

A

Could result in cancer and mutation

G12 Biology (14 decks)

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