Biological Molecules (Add. Mod 1-4) Flashcards
organisms are composed mostly of water and “organic” molecules
Biological Molecules
In chemistry: organic molecules = hydrocarbons
(chemical compounds with carbon and hydrogen, and a C-H bond; methane (CH4)
Biological Molecules
all organisms from smallest simplest bacteria to complex plants and animals consist largely of the same four types of organic molecules
Biological molecules
Small molecular subunit
Monomer
Examples of Carbohydrates
starchy, candy, sugary fruits, cereals, potatoes,
pasta and bread
- provide energy, provide shape to certain cells,
components of many antibiotics and
coenzymes, and essential part of DNA - fast energy source for cells
Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates
- monosaccharide
- disaccharide
- polysaccharide
5-6 carbon atoms (classification of carbs)
Monosaccharide
5-C atoms
RNA & deoxyribose, pentose sugar of DNA
Deoxy means —
Without oxygen
Examples of 6-C atoms (Hexose)
Glucose, Fructose (in fruit), galactose (in milk)
Same molecular formula but arranged differently
Isomers
Glucose in the blood
Blood sugar
2 hormones in mammals that regulate blood glucose levels
Insulin & glucagon
Pertains to high blood glucose
Diabetes
two linked monosaccharides in a chemical reaction called Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation Reaction
Disaccharide
Process of Dehydration Synthesis (basahin mo nalang)
- Each of the monomers has a hydrogen (H) and a hydroxyl (OH) group
- In the course of the reaction, hydrogen is removed from one monomer, and a hydroxyl group from the other
- The hydrogen and hydroxyl combine to form water, and a bond links the two monomers
Glucose + fructose =
Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + galactose =
Lactose (milk sugar)
Glucose + glucose =
Maltose (grain sugar)
Disaccharides are broken down in the stomach and intestines by —
Digestive enzymes through Hydrolysis (breaking with water)
hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers
Polysaccharide
Examples of polysaccharide
Cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin
act as storage molecules that readily break down into their glucose monomers when cells need a burst of energy)
Glycogen & Starch
Stored form of glucose in plants
Starch - amylose
Stored glucose in animals; liver and muscles
Glycogen
outer rigid wall called the cell wall made up of polysaccharide and the most common organic compound in nature that humans cannot digest
Cellulose
animals that chew their cud; horse, cows, carabaos and goats can digest cellulose and use it as energy (ang haba ng explanation daming cnabi)
Ruminants
cell walls of fungi, flexible exoskeleton of insects, spiders, and crustaceans; the 2nd most common polysaccharide in nature
Chitin
CHO, fatty acid + glycerol
Lipids
Hydrophobic and containes non-polar carbon-carbon & carbon-hydrogen bonds
Lipids
Contained energy of Lipids
9 food calories or 37 kJ of energy per gram
Classification of Lipids
- Triglyceride
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
three long hydrocarbon chains attached to a carboxyl group (fatty acids) bonded to glycerol (triglyceride’s backbone; three-carbon alcohol that contains three hydroxyl (OH) group)
Triglyceride
“Fat molecule”
Triglyceride
Types of Tricglyceride
- Saturated Fats
- Unsaturated Fats
“Strearic”
single bonds connect all
carbons and each carbon has
two hydrogens
Saturated Fats
a fatty acid is unsaturated if it has a double bond between carbon atoms, as it now has fewer hydrogen bonds
Unsaturated Fats
- one double bond (type of unsaturated fats)
Monounsaturated - Oleic Acid
- multiple double bonds
Polyunsaturated - linoleic acid
turn vegetable oils which are made up of unsaturated fats, into solid fat by attaching hydrogen atoms onto the carbons that makes it chemically look and taste like saturated fat; makes:
Partial Hydrogenation
Also known as hydrogenated vegetable oil; unsaturated fats with straight fatty acids: margarine
Trans Fat
similar structure to a triglyceride, it consist of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone where instead of three fatty acid tails, it only has two
Phospholipids
- four interconnected carbon rings
- different from other lipids structurally, still classified as lipids because they are soluble in nonpolar solvents
Streoids
common steroid present in any food from animal source like meat, fish, eggs and can be also synthesized in the liver
Cholesterol
CHONP, nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
long polymers composed of single elements
called nucleotides (consists of three components: a five-carbon (pentose) sugar at the center, one phosphate group (PO4), and nitrogenous base)
Nucleic Acid
Categories of Nucleic Acids
- Purines
- Pyrimidine
only biomolecule that cannot be metabolized to generate energy, in the form of ATP
Nucleic Acids
double-ring, adenine (A) and guanine (G)
Purines
single-ring, cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)
Pyrimidine
Classification of Nucleic Acids
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
carries the genetic information in all
organisms, starting from the smallest single-celled bacteria all the way to multicellular mammals like humans
DNA
a double helix that resembles a spiral staircase; alternating sugars and phosphates form the rails, and nitrogenous bases form the rungs; hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the two strands of nucleotides together
DNA polymer
a double helix that resembles a spiral staircase; alternating sugars and phosphates form the rails, and nitrogenous bases form the rungs; hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the two strands of nucleotides together
Antiparallel orientation
Components of DNA
Deoxyribose (five carbon sugar), & Nitrogenous Base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine)
involved in the synthesis of proteins,
regulation of genes and also carrier of
genetic information in some viruses
RNA
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- transfer RNA (tRNA)
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
intermediate between a protein-coding gene and its
protein product
mRNA
If a cell has to produce a specific protein, the protein encoding gene will be turned “on,” meaning that an RNA-polymerizing enzyme will come and make a copy of the DNA sequence of the gene
Transcription
responsible for choosing the right amino acid (used to produce a protein) to carry within a cell to the ribosome
tRNA
after the ribosome receives the correct amino acid from the tRNA and the mRNA genetic information, it may begin to make the proper protein your body needs
Translation
- a major component of ribosomes
- helps to bind mRNA in the right place so that it can read out its sequence information
rRNA
an RNA nucleotide with an adenine
base, three phosphate groups, and a
ribose sugar which is used in ATP Cycle
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
CHON, amino acids
Proteins
- more complex than carbohydrates and lipids
- play a wide array of roles in a cell or organism
- repairing and building of tissues, acting as enzymes, aiding the immune system, and served as hormones, that control specific physiological processes
Proteins
Components of Protein
Amino Acid
- a chain of monomers linked in a precise arrangement
- has a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups of atoms
Amino Acid
side chain; can be any of 20 chemical groups; distinguish the amino acids from one another;
R-group
joined the amino acids together; forms when the carboxyl group of one molecule combines with the amino group of another molecule to release a water molecule; long chains (polypeptides)
Peptide Bond
Types of Amino Acids
- Essential Amino Acids
- Non-essential Amino Acids
cannot be made by the body, they must come from food
Essential Amino Acids
The 9 Essential Amino Acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
foods that contain all nine essential amino acids; eggs, meat, fish
Complete Protein
missing one or more essential amino acids
Incomplete Protein
Amino acids that can be made in our body, do not need to consume them
Non-essential Amino Acids
11 Non-essential amino acids
alanine, arginine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, aspartic acid,
glutamic acid
Four Levels of Structures (of Proteins)
- Primary (1’)
- Secondary (2’)
- Tertiary (3’)
- Quaternary (4’)
